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The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) together with seven central banks will explore how tokenization of wholesale central bank money and commercial bank deposits on programmable platforms can improve the monetary system. Project Agorá's primary area of exploration will be to increase the speed and integrity of international payments, while lowering costs by building on the BIS's proposed unified ledger concept. The BIS will issue a call for expressions of interest to private financial institutions, with the Institute of International Finance (IIF) acting as the intermediary and convener, to join the project.

The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) launched a new "structured" currency called "Zimbabwe Gold" (ZiG) that will be anchored to a weighted value of the central bank's precious metal (mainly gold) and foreign currency reserves. As of April 5, 2024, the RBZ had reserve assets of US$100 million in cash and 2,522 kgs of gold (US$185 million) to back the entire local currency component of reserve money which stood at ZW$2.6 trillion (US$90 million). ZiG notes and coins shall be issued in denominations made up of 1ZiG, 2ZiG, 5ZiG, 10ZiG, 20Zig, 50ZiG, 100ZiG, and 200ZiG, but no mention is made of what becomes of the ZiG (now GBDT) wallets, assuming such wallets ever existed.

"Most studies on central bank digital currencies focus on the effects after they become well established. This column analyses the macroeconomic effects in the transition to the new equilibrium. Using a two-country model with financial frictions, it shows that, under plausible assumptions for demand for central bank digital currency, the transition is characterised by volatility in the digital currency, cash, and deposits, leading to volatility in loan rates, investment, and consumption. Binding caps on holdings of the digital currency during the transition period are shown to be most effective in reducing disintermediation and output losses and in minimising international spillovers."

The European Central Bank (ECB) is establishing seven new workstreams to develop the various sections of the digital euro rulebook and has issued calls for candidates for each, inviting experts in payments infrastructure and architecture, technical specifications and scheme management to apply. Last year three workstreams were launched, covering the scheme's compatibility with standards, as well as technical requirements, and identification and authentication. The workstreams will report to the Rulebook Development Group (RDG) that represents consumers, retailers, and intermediaries. Each applicant will need to be nominated by an RDG member.

"I could imagine holding bank-issued stablecoins in my digital wallet, but I have a suspicion that in time most people will drift towards tokens backed by central bank reserves. In other words, in a world with a Digital Pound, it's not clear why anyone would hold Barclays Bunce, CapOne Cabbage, Wells Wonga or Lloyds Lolly."

"During a parliamentary committee hearing, Adrian Orr, Governor of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand made a joke. 'It's a great business to be in central banking. You print money and people believe it. Touch wood,' said Orr. The Committee laughed."

"The Zimbabwean Finance Minister, Mtuli Ncube, has said his government plans to halt the local currency's freefall by linking it to gold and establishing a currency board. Ncube said these measures could permanently end the local currency's volatility."

The most recent draft of the digital euro legislation being discussed by the European parliamentary Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs includes support for permissionless blockchains. "Conditional payments in Digital Euros may also be carried out on permissionless distributed ledgers where until now only privately issued assets like crypto-assets or stable coins are available as a means of payment. With the approval and under conditions set by the European Central Bank (ECB), the Digital Euro would be made available as a token to be referenced on these chains." The ECB and European Council previously stated they don't want programmable money at the base layer, so the legislation now specifies conditional payments will happen in the "layer above". https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/ECON-PR-758954_EN.pdf

The IMF published an overview of the development of digital money and payment systems in twelve Pacific island countries (PICs), assessing potential benefits and risks, with a focus on how they can harness digital technology to enhance financial inclusion and payment efficiency while minimizing risks. The paper also examines the prerequisites for successfully adopting various forms of digital money and proposes a strategic framework for policy decisions (see Figure 10). It advocates a gradual, well-informed approach, tailored to PICs' unique monetary and financial circumstances, including the presence of national currencies and the maturity of payment systems. Moreover, the paper suggests that a regional approach could help address capacity and scalability challenges in introducing new digital money forms and payment methods in PICs.

The Bank of England (BOE) and HM Treasury (HMT) published a summary of the responses to their February 2023 digital pound consultation paper. The Bank and HMT received over 50,000 responses, with many respondents raising concerns about access to cash, users' privacy, and control of their money. In the summary paper, the BOE and HMT said that the they would not have access to personal data. Private-sector payment interface providers (PIPs) would anonymize personal data before transactions are processed and settled by the BOE. Also the BOE and HMT would not pursue government or central bank-initiated programmable functions. However, PIPs could program digital pound payments but only with user consent, and be subject to robust regulatory requirements in this regard .Although commercial bank respondents called for individual holding limits of £3,000 to £5,000, the BOE and HMT are sticking with a £10,000 to £20,000 range for now.

The BOE and HMT also published the responses to the digital pound technology working paper also published in February 2023. There was broad support for the six technology design considerations - privacy, security, resilience, performance, extensibility and energy usage. Respondents also suggested additional considerations, such as interoperability, usability, accessibility and scalability. A few respondents suggested models that the BOE judges to not be compatible with the stated policy objectives or design principles, for example models based on anonymous bearer instruments, which will not be taken forward. Most respondents agreed that government or central bank-initiated programmable money should not be pursued, but that user-initiated programmable payments and smart contract functionality would be important for a digital pound system.

In parallel to yesterday's VoxEU article, the European Central Bank (ECB) posted an article by the same three senior officials that debunked fears that a commercial bank customers might withdraw deposits to hold digital euro. "Banks are barking up the wrong tree when they rely on studies that overlook the outlined design features of a digital euro. In doing so, they ignore the many other challenges they need to address to ensure stable funding through deposits. Banks need to offer attractive products and services that incentivize customers to hold their deposits with them instead of migrating to new and powerful private competitors."

The Bank of England (BOE) and HM Treasury published a digital pound request for information on privacy, meaning the protection of users' personal and transaction data, and ensuring they have control and visibility over who can process their data and for what purposes. However, the digital pound would not be anonymous because the ability to identify and verify users is needed to prevent financial crime, but the BOE and government will not access users' personal data in a digital pound ecosystem. In that regard, the BOE is exploring technological solutions to prevent it from being able to access personal data via the core ledger. The deadline for responding is March 12, 2024. https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/the-digital-pound/digital-pound-working-groups

Sveriges Riksbank published a paper that assesses the impact of a European Commission legislative proposal to open up the possibility for non-euro countries to allow their citizens and businesses to access digital euro services. It concludes that the impact will be minimal, but a digital euro could increase the need for an e-krona to safeguard the role of the Swedish krona and may have positive effects on the work on an e-krona. By taking advantage of the technology and regulatory framework being developed for a digital euro, the costs and complexity of the work on an e-krona can be reduced. Together with an e-krona, a digital euro could also improve and simplify cross-border payments.

The Bank of England (BOE) has assessed the technical feasibility of using existing point-of-sale (POS) hardware, as currently used in the UK, to initiate digital pound payments. This involved a proof of concept (POC) that used EMV standards to send payment instructions from smart cards to POS devices, and then to an application programming interface (API). It demonstrated that, while existing POS terminals may not need to be modified to make online digital pound payments, they might need to be modified for offline payments.

Banco Central do Brasil (BCB) has has extended the Drex project timeline into 2025 because the technological solutions tested in the first phase "did not present the necessary maturity to guarantee compliance with all requirements legal issues related to the preservation of citizens' privacy". The BCB decided that it would be inappropriate to advance testing to a pilot phase (where real users are involved) until there is "certainty about the ability to meet privacy requirements". The next phase will seek to incorporate new functionalities, such as the implementation of smart contracts within the platform, so that the private institutions participating in the project will be able to create services and business models on the network, without being limited to those designed by the BCB itself. https://normativos.bcb.gov.br/Votos/BCB/202466/Voto_do_BC_66_2024.pdf

"As part of the Saudi Central Bank's (SAMA) pursuit to build a robust and innovative cross-border payments infrastructure in collaboration with various international financial institutions and central banks, SAMA has joined the Bank for International Settlements' (BIS) mBridge project as a participant in the Minimum Viable Product (MVP) platform."

In April 2024 the European Central Bank (ECB) published a paper that shows the usefulness of digital euro safeguards, such as holding limits, that would limit the impact of the introduction of a digital euro on banks' liquidity and on their reliance on central bank funding. To this end, it assesses how banks might respond to the introduction of a digital euro while seeking to maximize profitability and manage their risks for a range of holding limit scenarios. The results of the simulated impact on key liquidity metrics show that, with safeguards in place and on aggregate, the liquidity metrics of euro area banks would decline but remain well above regulatory minimums. In addition, the central bank funding ratios of euro area banks would not increase materially on aggregate and would remain contained overall.

The European Central Bank (ECB) published a blog post that explains what degrees of payments privacy future users of a digital euro can expect. It claims that it will promise better privacy and data protection than other current electronic means of payment, but not the same degree of privacy as cash although paying with an "offline digital euro" comes pretty close. Online digital euro payments will not be so private, because the commercial banks that run the user-facing parts of the platform will have full access to user identity and transaction information, just like they currently do on their own platforms. However, digital euro holder identities will be separated from the payment data, and the banks will pseudonymize user data so they are not visible to the Eurosystem.

Central banks need to realise that it is impossible to prevent distribution of counterfeit coins that are transacted in an offline mode when a cryptographic dialogue is carried out between payer and payee. This vulnerability relates to most known secure elements/devices, stored-value cards, universal access devices and Tamper Resistant Elements (TRE), such as smart cards, SIM cards, embedded secure elements and so on, that are already being tested for offline clearing and final settlement capabilities. It derives from realizing that any cryptographic dialogue that convinces a payee offline may be emulated by a resourceful counterfeiter. If you wish to execute payments between two parties in offline mode when there is no internet connection, with no risk of counterfeit money to be distributed by adversaries, you need to have a physical procedure (not cryptographic) that enables a fast, instant, simple and secure (up to being quantum-safe) validation process and payment transaction, with finality of payment.