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Social media represents a new frontier in disease surveillance. Infoveillance allows for the real-time retrieval of internet data. Our objective was to systematically review the literature utilizing social media as a source for disease prediction and surveillance. A review of English-language conference proceedings and journal articles from 1999 to 2011 using EMBASE and PubMed was conducted. A total of 12 full-text articles were included. Results of these studies show the use of open-source micro-blogging sites to inform influenza-like-illness monitoring. These results inform recommendations for future research directions.

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Disease isn't synonymous with its etiological agent or the map of its victims, whether or not either is placed within a... context that acknowledges the functional ecologies humans, livestock and wildlife share. [This] misses the structural factors underlying pathogen emergence and by virtue of that omission the pathogens' likely reemergence. Every one of the new potentially human-specific influenzas, for instance, have evolved out of industrial poultry and livestock. "