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In January 1912 a three-man party of explorers from the Australasian Antarctic Expedition set out from their base at commonwealth Bat, Adélie Land, to chart a huge section of the largely unknown continent. A year later two team members were died, and the expedition leader, Douglas Mawson, had barely survived both an epic lone journey across the Antarctic wastes and an appalling, mysterious illness that was to baffle medical science for the next 50 years.

Just How Many different kinds of living things exist in the world is question people have been trying to answer for more than 2,000 years. One of the first to attempt an answer was the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who died in 322 B.C. He identified about 1,000 different species of plants and animals .