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Nine strategies help raise the achievement of students living in poverty. Students from families with little formal education often learn rules about how to speak, behave, and acquire knowledge that conflict with how learning happens in school. They also often come to school with less background knowledge and fewer family supports. Formal schooling, therefore, may present challenges to students living in poverty. Teachers need to recognize these challenges and help students overcome them. In my work consulting with schools that serve a large population of students living in poverty, I have found nine interventions particularly helpful in raising achievement for low-income students.

Assessment validity refers to the accuracy of a score-based inference about a test taker's status. This definition sounds pretty highbrow, but it really isn't. Educators are interested in getting a fix on students' knowledge and skills so they can make sensible instructional decisions about those students. But teachers can't tell how much a particular student knows merely by looking at the student. That's because students' cognitive skills and knowledge are covert. Accordingly, we test students so we can use their overt responses to the test to make an inference about what's covert. Tests aren't valid or invalid; inferences are.

Many friendships and emotional connections arise among teachers. These are important, but they do not substitute for necessary professional support and growth. Teachers must have structured time to share, write, and talk about their teaching and their students. Otherwise, teaching is a solitary activity, all too often leading to unsatisfactory results for both teachers and students. A school with a healthy professional learning community will maintain a razor-sharp focus on student achievement; its faculty will feel a common ownership and responsibility for that achievement; and its students will achieve success.

No. 2 lead pencils might be suffering from "bubbling withdrawal" in many school systems across the country as more schools introduce online testing to assess student learning. Ranging from handheld devices to web-based and local server applications, online testing is now a viable option for formative and summative assessments.

Successful middle schools engage students in all aspects of their learning. There are many strategies for accomplishing this. One such strategy is student-led conferences. As a classroom teacher or administrator, how do you ensure that the information shared in a student-led conference provides a balanced picture of the student's strengths and weaknesses? The answer to this is to balance both summative and formative classroom assessment practices and information gathering about student learning.

If our end goal is to improve student achievement to meet AYP, then a critical intermediate goal is to determine where each of our students is in relation to the state content standards. While the logic is clear, most schools do not collect evidence of or for learning on an ongoing basis. We don't know what to teach students to take them to proficiency on indicators/objectives without knowing where they currently are on those indicators/objectives.

Assessment Guru Grant Wiggins on Measuring Student Progress. All the talk about changing the way we measure student progress raises important questions. What do we mean by assessment - as opposed to grading? How do you design reliable assessments? Should you "teach to" standardized tests? How can you evaluate an individual performance on a cooperative project? And how do we explain it all to parents? To get answers, Instructor senior editor Meg Bozzone interviewed assessment expert Grant Wiggins, president of the nonprofit Center on Learning Assessment and School Structure (CLASS).

This report addresses some of these issues by summarizing findings from an exploratory study of the school-based assessment practices in a sample of elementary, middle, and secondary schools. The purposes of the study were twofold: (1) to add to the growing base of knowledge about how schools use student assessment data obtained from multiple sources to inform important decisions about programs, instruction, and individual students; and (2) to identify and describe the factors and conditions that make schools' use of the student assessment data more probable and valuable.

Districts use new methods to learn what works best for kids
No longer is it viewed as acceptable for teachers to deliver lectures, administer grades and expect their students to simply try harder. Teachers are increasingly being asked to use assessments and collect data on student learning to gauge whether their methods are succeeding and what more needs to be done.

When K-12 school districts began implementing the first student information systems (SISs) during the 1990s, special education was largely left out of the process. The two systems evolved as separate entities, technologically speaking, and in the handling of individualized education programs (IEPs), paper remained the dominant storage medium long after other student records had made the digital transition.Left out of the digital revolution for too long, special education is finally being integrated into student information systems.

On-the-fly conversations regarding students occur on a regular basis among teachers. They have many positive components: conversations are student centered, teachers are supportive of each other and they meet on their own time. However, they are limited and are subject to the interruptions of daily school events, and teacher collaboration is left to chance. These teachers need administrative support to improve the likelihood that their efforts will raise student achievement to a significant degree.

How can we improve student learning in the classroom and raise student performance on high-stakes tests? The key is continuing assessment and evaluation throughout the school year, as well as a commitment to the success of all students.

The HSTW Assessment, administered to seniors, is used by HSTW states, districts and schools to document school improvement efforts. It is comprised of three subject tests (reading, mathematics and science) coupled with a student survey. This assessment provides comprehensive school-level data that disaggregate students' achievement by their perceptions of school and classroom experiences. These results have given schools, districts and states a unique opportunity to determine what is and is not working to increase student achievement. The assessment is administered by all HSTW sites in even-numbered years.

With a significant and growing population of linguistically diverse learners, careful measures must be taken to ensure equitable assessment of students' performance. If not, the achievement gap between the "advantaged" and "disadvantaged" will widen in our society (NCEST, 1992). Studies over the last decade have resulted in findings that can be translated into guidelines that can assist in equitable assessments. However, it will be up to state and local education agencies to begin the process of crafting assessments that reflect this knowledge and meet the educational needs of their student populations.

Imagine the research possibilities if every student in the country carried a "virtual backpack" stuffed with statistics on his or her entire educational history. The data, traveling with students as they moved from school to school, could be used to update parents on their children's learning progress, register students in school, or import information when they moved to a new city or entered college.

One of the current buzzwords in use in the state of California and across the nation is multiple measures. But what does this phrase really mean for students, teachers, schools, and districts? Quite simply by multiple measures we mean the use of a variety of assessment formats that allow educators to identify the strengths and weaknesses of their students so that the curriculum can be adjusted to meet the needs of those students.

Did your students' test scores rise last year? If you're like many of our Principal Files team members, you've witnessed an increase in scores over the past several years. Seldom is it by chance that those scores have risen; it's the result of a concerted effort by an entire staff -- an effort that is very likely to include extensive data analysis, focused teacher training, frequent monitoring of student progress, practice testing throughout the year, student and staff incentives, and other strategies.

The state's public school students improved in reading, writing and mathematics this year, marking five years of near-steady growth on the tough California Standards Test, results released Thursday show.

Professional development planning focuses attention on how the system as a whole and individuals must change to achieve the district's goals. Rather than being outlined in its own plan, comprehensive professional development becomes a compilation of plans, each supporting different district and/or school priorities. These individual plans are most effective when they attend to what we know about effective professional learning and ensure that staff development is results-driven, standards-based, and focused on educators' daily work.

Most teachers routinely develop and communicate to students and parents the various plans and policies that govern the middle school classroom. Usually, this includes a classroom management plan, a grading policy, an instructional plan linked to state and district curriculum standards, a homework policy, and perhaps an intervention plan detailing what will happen for students if they fall behind.\n\nRarely do teachers include a classroom assessment plan. Most teachers typically don't develop this plan because it has been our history to see assessment as a series of isolated testing events: tests given at the end of an instructional unit or time period, like the end of a semester. However, as it turns out, students achieve at higher levels when teachers think more deeply about how their classroom assessments fit into their larger instructional environment.

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