Skip to main content

Home/ contemporary issues in public policy/ Group items tagged question

Rss Feed Group items tagged

Flavio Guzman

Bystanders to Genocide - Samantha Power - The Atlantic - 5 views

  • And most crucial, what could the United States have done to save lives?
    • Dana Sacca
       
      I don't think anything could have been done. By Clinton's reaction he obviously had more important things on his plate than those being killed off in Rwanda. This is saddening and sickening. There was such a big hype about "Kony 2012" and yet nothing was done about this?
    • Cameron Schroeck
       
      I think this raises the question about a country's responsibility to other nations. Clinton may have had many priorities, but does that mean we can simply ignore other country's concerns? I think that every time period is going to have a different mood toward foreign policy. There are times when we can only focus on ourselves and others where we should do more for other countries. Regardless, there is an emotional/moral obligation to help others/other countries in need. 
    • Devon Meredith
       
      The question shouldn't be "what could have the United States have done to save lives?" but "what could the Clinton Administration have done to save lives?". When citizens elect the president they put all trust and knowledge in what decisions he will make. America made its choice to elect Clinton and so we should be able trust that he will make the decision. 
    • Tori Mayeda
       
      I agree that there probably wasn't much that Clinton could have done to help. On the other hand i find it hard to believe that he had no idea that it was going on. Sure there might have been more important things going on that pertained to him but i feel like if that many people were being slaughtered it would stand out. It wouldn't be something to just pass over. 
    • haakonasker
       
      There was not any Country in the world that did anything while the genocide took place. I think that the world sometimes turn their back against big issues that goes on. Especially in Africa. The genocide in Darfur, Sudan is another newer example on how the United States and the rest of the world turned their back against, also the starvation of millions of people in Eastern Africa that have been going on the last couple of years, manly in Somalia. I agree with Tori, on that Clinton did know what was going on in Rwanda, but did not act upon it. This is what the world do a lot of times. If a Country is not going to benefit financially or for their own countries security, they will not do anything about the problem.
  • s. It reveals that the U.S. government knew enough about the genocide early on to save lives, but passed up countless opportunities to intervene.
    • Alexis Schomer
       
      I think the U.S. needs to step it up. The president is too worried about intervening with the "wrong" countries because he is concerned about losing trust or priveleges with other countries. This cowardice to step up and do the right thing has killed hundreds of thousands of people. I personally talked to a survivor of the genocide mentioned above and the terror he and his famil went through is not okay. The U.S. government also fails to announce the Armenian Genocide as the president does not want Turkey to put the U.S. on their bad side. People should take a step back and look at what is happening to the world around them. Although it may be more pragmatic to make certain decisions, the morality and "rightness" should also be a key role as we are all humans and have a level of compassion and urge to do the right thing and help others in their time of need. It would have been right o defend the Tutsis who were a minority and could not defend themselves. 
    • chelseaedgerley
       
      So many signs or insights of information were given were given to the us, yet because the "genocide" word was used the US stayed out of it, aside from sending UN troops. United States policy resembled "outta sight, outta mind". many, if not all lives could have been saved
    • Kelsey Fratello
       
      I agree that this was not okay. This statement of the U. S. knowing enough about the genocide but just merely passing up the many opportunities to help puts the U. S. in a bad light. Like Alexis said, the president was so concerned with the alliances he has made with countries in the world that he basically sat back and let the genocide happen. It is so sad to think that so many people lost their lives or lost those whom they loved and that this country could have taken steps to stop this, but didn't. This article puts the U. S. and Clinton in a particularly bad light, as it should for what happened. 
    • Courtney Sabile
       
      I agree as well. Clinton should have paid more attention to this issue. By passing it up, it gave him an unfavorable image. He was the President, and other countries around the world see his actions through all of America. It was a poor action to not be able to intervene with the genocides.
    • Brandon Weger
       
      I'm not really sure if I agree that we should have intervened, or that I blame Clinton... I think that it's hard to really make that claim, to say that the President should have been on top of things and intervene in a  genocide. It is very dangerous to just leap into a country and try and tell them what to do... we would be painting a target on our back, and might even create a war in that manner. I know that we knew about it and we could have done something, but that doesn't mean we were the only country, just Clinton got caught holding all of the cards and was blamed for not taking action. Being President would be too difficult for me, foreign affairs are very tricky business...
    • Edmund Garrett
       
      It's sticky business. It's hard to just intervene in other countries internal affairs. Who are we to judge and patronise their culture. What we have defined as genocide is not necessarily what the Utuu call it. Perhaps that basic sense of what is mass killing does not ring in their heads. It's just a fact that is considered differently by different societies and cultures. Maybe an ethnic cleansing or simply just a cleansing to better their society. And who are we to enforce what our ideas I what's better onto them?
  • In the course of a hundred days in 1994 the Hutu government of Rwanda and its extremist allies very nearly succeeded in exterminating the country's Tutsi minority
    • chelseaedgerley
       
      super interesting genocide, one that I have researched deeply. Super interesting because this genocide wasnt two different lands, they shared everything aside from the title of hutu and tutisi. It was people murdering their own people
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • As the terror in Rwanda had unfolded, Clinton had shown virtually no interest in stopping the genocide, and his Administration had stood by as the death toll rose into the hundreds of thousands.
    • Meghann Ellis
       
      What else could President Clinton have done? This is the question that many find debatable. Is the duty of the United States to protect other nations in times of genocide. Honestly I think that many didn't not know how bad the genocide was at first but as time went on more and more died, which called for more nations to step in and help. Clinton was taking a huge risk if he put his country into the mix of the genocide. Oddly enough I don't think that there was much he could personally do and so I think he made a good choice in just staying out of it, even though it may not be the most moral thing to do.
    • jeffrey hernandez
       
      Even if he did send troops into Rwanda, it's very difficult to know who you are fighting against. Also the president would have to endure the consequences of looking like a bully to other nations. Sometimes staying neutral is the easiest way out of it and that is the direction the president choose. 
    • Devin Haerle
       
      It was a lose-lose situation. If the US intervened other nations in the region might twist US actions into those of the bully, the oppressor, even if they were well-intentioned, and moving more troops into the region may have only served to escalate the situation and bog the US down in yet another costly and likely unpopular war. Proponents of intervention often seem to overlook the economic and psychological cost of war. If the US stood by, its citizens and others would accuse the government of a lack of action on important issues. Clinton's actions were no doubt well-rehearsed and he assuredly recieved advice on the situation from the cabinet, advisors, et cetera- few Presidents act alone- and he did what was seen as in America's best interest.
  • A few years later, in a series in The New Yorker, Philip Gourevitch recounted in horrific detail the story of the genocide and the world's failure to stop it
    • khampton44
       
      I found the last part of this sentence to be really true. I did not know about this at all but it seem like it should have been a bigger deal and someone needed to step in and help. I do not see how it could have been so easily ignored. So many people died for no reason at all it just seems crazy it was not in the media or in our history books now.
    • Justina Cooney
       
      This is the most shocking and interesting aspect of foreign policy; that is how we choose our battles. The excuse that we had no idea what was happening really does not cut it but I do understand that many things are weighed out when making decsions like whether or not to get involved in other countries problems. I wonder how people make decisions to refrain from interviening and keep from the media mass genocides like this incident in Rwanda.
  • "We come here today partly in recognition of the fact that we in the United States and the world community did not do as much as we could have and should have done to try to limit what occurred" in Rwanda.
    • Karina DaSilva
       
      I get the impression that it is far more likely for a government to take action over something if it is made public. The Tutsi genocide is far less known than say, the Holocaust. People don't know about what is going on, therefore they don't ask questions. Once people start raising questions, however, I feel like that's when a lot of politicians start making a "stand".
  • Hutu militiamen, soldiers, and ordinary citizens murdered some 800,000 Tutsi and politically moderate Hutu.
    • Devin Milligan
       
      I think that this is pretty horrible. For people to ruthlessly kill this many people is just unbelievable. Something should have been done to stop this. I think that the fact that Clinton knew about this and did nothing to stop him make him slightly guilty. Its like someone watching a murder and just walking away and not helping while its happening. And i think it made Clinton look bad as well as America.
    • Ashley Mehrens
       
      I think that this is an extremely sad story to be told. People really need to be more informed about this kind of thing. If more people were informed then I think the government would be more inclined to step in and help. Well the government is supposed to work that way. But someone in one of the later comments mentioned Kony 2012 in which many people did make a statement about and the government still didn't step up to the plate. Not only was the Clinton administration made to look bad, they also could have easily changed their image.
    • Sean McCarthy
       
      The US government's semi-imperialist use of its military in recent years is out of control, but what we SHOULD be using our military for, outside of protecting out homeland, is to eradicate genocides like this.. here's an idea, let's stop deposing foreign leaders just because they don't like us, and start worrying about mindless killing. gameplan -set.
    • Flavio Guzman
       
      How is it possible that this was allowed to happen? thats more than half a million lives lost and yet it took years for someone to write about it. If this had happened in any developed country we would have known this was going to happen before it even happened. These are the issues that all goverment should be worried about fixing now, not other things such as oil.
    • Devin Milligan
       
      I think that this is pretty horrible. For people to ruthlessly kill this many people is just unbelievable. Something should have been done to stop this. I think that the fact that Clinton knew about this and did nothing to stop him make him slightly guilty. Its like someone watching a murder and just walking away and not helping while its happening. And i think it made Clinton look bad as well as America.
  • Why did the United States not do more for the Rwandans at the time of the killings?
    • Kayla Sawoski
       
      What else could President Clinton have done? It's hard to get involved in something so far from us. Rwanda is on the other side of the world and it is hard to stay in contact. We only know what is going on from stories and pictures being shared with the U.S. I feel like if the United States got involved it possibly could have made it worse. Clinton was put in a tough place and all the pressure was put on him. I think there were things that maybe could have happened to help but it was a difficult place to be in. 
    • madison taylor
       
      I think the U.S did do somethings as far as sending military aid to protect people. besides that i don't know how much more the United states could have done to help. We sent soldiers over who had much more pwerful weapons than the hutu extremists and so the hutu usually stayed away. The U.S could not do much more at the time of it happening
    • Brandon White
       
      In retrospect, we as Americans look at the Rwandan genocide and think about how we could have saved people. But would we really do anything different in a similar situation today? Look at Syria. There is violence there similar to the situation in Rwanda. But we are not getting involved. We are far to retrospective and not proactive. 
  • portrayed (and, they insist, perceived) the deaths not as atrocities or the components and symptoms of genocide but as wartime "casualties"—the deaths of combatants or those caught between them in a civil war.
    • Sean McCarthy
       
      this is so interesting, it kind of echoes what we've been learning about with the polis, that in it politicians can take Truth and kind of turn it in a way that helps them..
  • most efficient killing spree
    • Kim H
       
      This phrasing here really bothers me. Saying that this event was "efficient" makes it sound as though it was a good thing. This genocide was horrific. That's a much better word to describe it, than efficient. 
  •  
    This article informed me about the genocide in Rwanda. I have done investigations of the genocide in Darfur and Sudan because George clooney and his father were jailed for protesting and I wanted to know why the media brought more attention to an actor and not a country that is killing itself. Genocide is mass murder and it is unfortunate that if there are no incentives for America or other countries to help then they turn a cheek. Notice how USA invades countries where oil is plentiful. This to me explains USA avoidance to act on humanitarian issues like this.
  •  
    I feel that we should have done something to help what was hapening overseas, but at the same time where does our role as the "international police" end? It is sadly coming to the point where if there is an international issue and the US is not involved then it looks like we are not doing our job of protecting. Yes we should have helped the genecide, but the issue was not with our country so why are we being criticized? I am not saying that we should not of helped, only that is it not fair to question the character of the US
  •  
    The article describes the mass killing of approximately 800,000 people in Rwanda, East Africa, in 1994. Two ethnic groups were in competition with each other: the Hutu people and the Tutsi people. The Hutus massacred the Tutsi population brutally, trying to eliminate it completely. The rest of the world did nothing to help. We learn something very terrible: that the US was a bystander too genocide. It was sad to read how President Clinton did not even want to help out or respect the situation. Actually, it was ignored. He did not have any interest in stopping the genocide and he stood by as many deaths were occurring. Genocide is a serious crime-the worst possible. One population was trying to eliminate another by terribly violent means. People are asking themselves how it is possible for a country like the United States not to know about it. I, myself, wonder how the President of the United States cannot know the details. Why did he show no interest at all? I think the reason is that he and the United States simply did not want to get involved. That is why he issued the "Clinton apology," which was actually a carefully hedged acknowledgement" Another issue I found interesting was the fact that the policymakers declared the deaths as "casualties" and war deaths. Were they ashamed into admitting that it's partially the US fault that ignored this problem that affects everyone? Was this a way to create a kind of distance between the terrible violence and the typical political situation in another part of the world? At the end of the article the writers says that policymakers don't want to talk about suffering because it affects them and it shows one's "rational" arguments are weak. To me, this means that very often countries and political leaders do not want to risk anything by taking a stand or making a strong decision. It is easier not to do anything -- and apologize for it later! It makes me think that we need strong, intelligent
Tavish Dunn

The emerging moral psychology | Prospect Magazine - 10 views

    • Sarah McKee
       
      I had to read this a couple times to see what it was getting at but it's saying that we don't use reason to decide what is right and wrong. We use it after we have decided what is right or wrong to prove to others or ourselves that it is right or wrong.
  • For most people thinking about the Footbridge Problem, emotion wins out; in a minority of others, the utilitarian conclusion of maximising the number of lives saved.
    • Sarah McKee
       
      I just keep thinking about how it shouldn't be up to me to decide if these people live or die. I know this isn't the point of the moral dilemma but still.
    • Jonathan Omokawa
       
      I agree. I feel as though its not our choice to make. Would we be morally remiss if we did nothing?
  • ...32 more annotations...
  • counterbalancing
    • Sarah McKee
       
      I find it interesting that our body has a counterbalancing system. We are constantly in conflict with ourselves. Instinct or reason. I suppose some people are stronger on one side or the other, in general they are more instinctual or more logical. I find myself taking a very long time to make decisions. I wonder if these means my sides are more even. Are our sides laid out for us in our genes or do we become more strongly one side do to outside influences?
    • Jonathan Omokawa
       
      Or maybe as we gain more knowledge about life in general, our actions become more influenced by our social interactions. I.e. nature vs. nurture...sort of
  • harm intended as the means to a goal is morally worse than equivalent harm foreseen as the side-effect of a goal.
    • Sarah McKee
       
      How are these different?
  • ucially
    • Sarah McKee
       
      Reading these, I don't think I agree with them but I wonder if put to the same questions my results would turn out similar. It's hard to judge, looking in from the outside.
  • what counts as a legitimate moral concern
    • Ryan Brown
       
      The idea of supporting illegal immigration in terms of taking jobs away from Americans can be a tricky slope. There are many moral issues wrong with this but when you consider the steps that were taken by many illegal immigrants to gain access to this country it is mind boggling. Though it seems harmless supplying jobs to Illegal immigrants, the jobs that are taken away from Americans, the lack of money that is able to go to schools that in turn supply illegals with education. It all depends on what side of the picket fence you are looking through.
    • Sarah McKee
       
      I always thought most people thought pretty similarly on this but as I see more and more I can tell they don't. In the news paper this past week there was an article talking about passing something that would make it mandatory to use E-Verify. This would "open up millions of jobs for American workers" but in doing so it would take away jobs from Illegal immigrants. And yes, they're illegal immigrants but that is putting millions of people trying to support their families out of work. I personally think this is morally wrong but obviously there are many people who disagree with me.
    • Felecia Russell
       
      I find this interesting. The utitlitarian view is often use by people who rather not think in depth about their decisions. Because making the best decision for the majority is not always the best decision. Sometimes the majority decision will cause more harm to more people but because it has the idea of majority most people think it is the best option. Personally, I could never push a man infront of car to save people. My conscience would not let me do that. Five people being saved would not confirm my decision of killing one person!
    • magen sanders
       
      the issue with illegal immigrants is separate than the issue of jobs for american workers. they do have a domino effect on eachother and that is only because the illegal immigrants are not american citizens. would it be morally right to choose an illegal immigrant for a job over an american citizen just because the immigrant has a family that they alone need to support? what if the american citizen has a family? yes it is wrong to leave behind anyone with a family that needs financial help but does that mean its wrong to help our own. just trying to look at both sides of the argument.
  • On the one hand is a negative emotional response elicited by the prospect of pushing a man to his death saying “Don’t do it!”; on the other, cognitive elements saying “Save as many people as possible and push the man!”
    • John Buchanan
       
      Pushing the man is murder, plain and simple.  If the word "murder" was used, people may respond differently.
    • Mark Drach-Meinel
       
      This idea of framing can also be applied to the two situations. Maybe there could be a drastic change in opinion if pulling the lever to kill one man was considered murder while pushing him was only considered to be collateral damage.
    • John Buchanan
       
      I think this article does an excellent job at delving into the question of rational versus emotional morality, and then attaching a practical importance to understanding the difference between the two, as well as where you stand on particular issues.  All in all, very well written and very fascinating.
  • Our powers of reason, in this view, operate more like a lawyer hired to defend a client than a disinterested scientist searching for the truth.
    • Gaby Ramirez Castorena
       
      this is a good simile to represent the main belief of the article's author; it helps put things in somewhat simpler terms
    • Ryan Brown
       
      This is a great viewpoint used to show how the studies had been done but shows the true reasoning as to the goals of the people writing the article and the bias.
    • magen sanders
       
      since the "nature" of human morality is being scrutinised by "natural Sciences" does that mean our human morality is no longer natural or what it shoudl be?
  • , moral verdicts derive from the application of conscious reasoning, and moral development throughout our lives reflects our improved ability to articulate sound reasons for the verdicts
    • steve santos
       
      that is interesting that this presents it in a sense of behavioral mapping determined by the outcome of the many people and ideals we encounter and the positive and negative experiences on set by what we share with them. its like political socialization, of how we develop our ideals, its just a matter of what we happen to be experienced to and how human nature innately reacts to our triumphs and failures
    • magen sanders
       
      does this mean morality is no longer affected by emotions only reason and analysis? moral verdicts should be decided on reason and emotion not conscious reasoning alone.
  • most people intuitively felt that incestuous sex is wrong, but when asked why, many gave up, saying, “I just know it’s wrong!”—a phenomenon Haidt calls “moral dumbfounding
    • magen sanders
       
      i will play devils advocate and say, morals change from person to person. to some incestuous sex is wrong, most disagree. but who is to decide if it should be stamped as immoral?
    • Lauren Petta
       
      Polygamy...an overwhelming amount of people say this is "wrong"...but is it really hurting anyone? TLC aired a show called "Sister Wives". This may not be a completely accurate view of polygamy in America...but do we really think children are endangered by this practice? Or are we marking something as immoral because it is different....
    • Jonathan Omokawa
       
      I do agree with Magen that morals do change from person to person. There are some that are similar from person to person, but I do think that there are some that are different. It is really dependent on how they are brought up as children. That is the goal of parents, to instill morals in their children, and to let them find their own over time.
  • used functional magnetic resonance imaging to map the brain as it churns over moral problems
  • increases activity in brain regions located in the prefrontal cortex that are associated with deliberative reasoning and cognitive control (so-called executive functions
    • magen sanders
       
      so is it rational or emotion? brain activity is seen in the prefrontal cortex isnt that where emotions are coontrolled and triggered? morality is decided through conscious reasoning of emotions on the issue
  • “harm intended as a means to an end is morally worse than equivalent harm foreseen as the side-effect of a goal.”
    • magen sanders
       
      consciously and purposely causing harm is immoral. and an accidental harm on someone due to the pursuit of a goal is fine
    • Jonathan Omokawa
       
      What about the story of Oedipus? I feel like even though there are intended actions, its said that the highway to hell is paved with good intentions. I do agree that its morally worse to intend harm, however I do have to respectfully disagree, in that accidentally harming someone is fine.
    • Kiera Murphy
       
      I agree that morality is definitely a social phenomenon!! Where we live and the type of environment we were raised in has a tremendous amount of effect on what we see as right or wrong. To relate this back to policy, lawmakers have to look at the idea of morality to decide whether a law would stand ethical in a community, city or state. This has something to do with the fact that different states have different laws due to the societies outlook on ideals. Cities or states develop their own idea of what is going to work and what laws need to be put in place in order to create a stable community. To relate in to our very own Cal Lu life...we can look at dorm life. Each dorm room has their own set of rules they put in place, based on their morals and values, that helps them live in harmony. It's a fairly simple concept. 
  • the highest stages of moral development are reached when people are able to reason about abstract general principles, such as justice, fairness and the Kantian maxim that individuals should be treated as ends and never as means.
    • Lauren Petta
       
      The words "justice" and "fairness" mean nothing in this context. What people view as "just" or "fair" can vary widely from culture to culture and person to person.
    • steve santos
       
      I agree with Lauren's point. I find it very interesting how the article brings into light what it means to define these terms of being just and morally fixated in what is told to us to be right and wrong. In regards to where we come to adopt these views. Just like in politics with the political socialization of developing views from close spheres of influence it puts the hard perspective of what these worths are in places worth their own salt of a hardened community. Take the instance of places attributed to different forms of government opposed to the civilization we know here, compared to Cuba, North Korea, Russia and the communist region of China, values are looked at very differently in that the bridge ultimatum of kill one to save many others, may not even be viewed as difficult as it may prove necessary for a gambit of progress. also to stir the pot up a bit I had a point I wanted to add that I felt the article only skimmed but didn't explore of morality. Please feel free to add thoughts, I find this actually really interesting reading, responding, adding and considering other people's points on these articles. The question of morality I had to add was that often how is it that we go about doing things in life. do we choose and say and do certain things because it makes us feel good about ourselves or because we know it is the right thing to do in terms of a career and how we sometimes plan an endeavor map of piety for a life in hopes of receiving our dues for good deeds in response to what it means for what we believe in. subconsciously or fully aware how does that come into play and where do you think that originates from? perhaps somewhere as intrinsic as the very origin of what ti defines to be moral determined by our place and upbringing in the world?
  • So even when explicit reasons appear to have the effect of changing people’s moral opinions, the effect may have less to do with the logic of the arguments than their power to elicit the right emotional responses. We may win hearts without necessarily converting minds
    • Joette Carini
       
      Winning hearts without converting minds is definitely a difficult thing to do... but it is a form of manipulation. I do believe that people come into arguments, discussions, etc. with their own moral opinions, but due to a slight amount of manipulation (whether the person manipulating is sneaky about it or not) the opinion can change. So, this could lead to a new question... is manipulation, especially in this sense, immoral? Should people just let others have their own opinion and NEVER question why (knowing that "they can't come up with any compelling reasons")?
    • Joette Carini
       
      No one can say what is morally worse or better than something else. It makes sense that people are trying to make universal "principles" about how to think morally, but no one really can. I agree with some of these, but I do not agree with the fact that there is a test that measures moral senses. 
    • steve santos
       
      I love the notion of people so against a new ideal as new age as gay rights. more of the old world ideals of religions and upbringings shows something new "invading" these old world realms of comfort and it scares people. If its so against their religion I love how the notion of faith is them forced upon others who are doing things viewed "wrong." faith is something believed in and felt within the individual. Wouldn't they want it to stay exclusive and worry about their own advances than waste time and be belligerent in trying to keep their own fears away of something other than their way of life from being accepted? I was baptized roman catholic, maybe only been to church a handful of times, but think of many of those teaching in regards to what kind of people are enforcing them as if their means of happiness is the key for everyone else. People are afraid to come out and honestly reflect that in ideals such a this, sure it conflicts between people, but not one way is always right. other things equal or disregarded, down to the simple notion of being happy, if you're happy, you're happy.
    • Mangala Kanayson
       
      We could only have such universal "principles" if we shared the same underlying philosophy. Mao's Little Red Book?
  • derive not from our powers of reasoning, but from an evolved and innate suite of “affective” systems that generate “hot” flashes of feelings when we are confronted with a putative moral violation.
    • Joshua Gray
       
      I believe the author is suggesting that society has previously dictated what a "moral violation" is. So "hot flashes" occur whenever these previously stated morals are violated. If that is the case then no powers of reasoning are required beyond that point
  • Thankfully, neuroscience gives some cause for optimism. Philosopher-cum-cognitive scientist Joshua Greene of Harvard University and his colleagues have used functional magnetic resonance imaging to map the brain as it churns over moral problems , inspired by a classic pair of dilemmas from the annals of moral philosophy called the Trolley Problem and the Footbridge Problem. In the first, an out-of-control trolley is heading down a rail track, ahead of which are five hikers unaware of the looming threat. On the bank where you’re standing is a switch that, if flicked, will send the trolley on to another track on which just one person is walking. If you do nothing, five people die; flick the switch and just one person will die .
    • Joshua Gray
       
      For those who chose a side what happens when you change the situation to you becoming a martyr and saving 5 lives instead of sacraficing another?
  • Yet the research on moral intuitions suggests that changes in the network of affective responses elicited by the thought of gays—driven by increased exposure to positive portrayals of gays in the media, for example—are likely to have been crucial to increasing acceptance.
    • Tavish Dunn
       
      Does that mean that moral inclinations are more influenced by cultural exposure than biological factors? How do chemical processes such as brain activity work with external forces to shape a person's morality?
    • Melissa Moreno
       
      I find this to be a common argument for for most controversial topics such as gay marriage and abortion. No one can set a standard for it so depending on your beliefs, many people just say, "Because I know its wrong" or "because god says so". 
  • Moral Sense Test
  • These weird but essentially harmless acts were, nonetheless, by and large deemed to be immoral.
    • tania markussen
       
      I don't know if I think the first scenario was as immoral as the second one. I also don't have a real argument as to why I think it is immoral, but I just find it very creepy.
  • judgements are based on intuitive, emotional responses, and that con
  •  
    Personally, I had a hard time understanding the article because it did not really spark my interest but with that being said certain parts actually opened my eyes. The part where the author discuss how we choose with our emotion first then decide second with reason came as a complete shock to me. As many of the other people in the studies I too agreed that it was ok to kill one person to save four or five. I did not think about it at the time because I was not using my reasoning skills. Of course the first thought that I had in my mind was to yell at the workers to get them off the tracks. But if you did not do that and you choose either path they offered, how could you live with yourself knowing that you killed one person or multiple people with one movement?
  •  
    I find it interesting how scientific understanding of how the human mind computes and solves problems continues to evolve. To me, asking to push the man to his death to save the five other people is an indisputable no. I feel it should be that man's decision to sacrifice himself for others. However; I am not in complete understanding where this decision of mine came from. Is it reasoning? Or is it morality? Or morality then reasoning?
  •  
    This situation comes down to the individual in the heat of the moment. Depending on a person's emotions, they will either choose the logical solution or the solution that will make them feel emotionally correct. In most cases, people tend to think with the emotional side rather than logic and reason.
Caitlin Fransen

The emerging moral psychology - 7 views

  • cognitive conflict
    • georgenasr
       
      There is probably a point of cognitive dissonance as well. When you are under this much pressure to save the five people, though you know in your mind it's wrong you may end up pushing the heavy man out of anticipation (or vice versa). I feel like it's hard to really know how people will react because the scientists never factored in the idea of cognitive dissonance. 
  • Morality is a social phenomenon, and so it is little surprise that the way our social lives are structured—whether we live in small, tight-knit communities or large, anonymous cities—also sculpts our moral outlook. Haidt suggests that it is no coincidence that rural areas of the US, where communities are more bound together and interdependent, tend to be more conservative and religious, while urban dwellers tend to be more secular and liberal, with a focus on “individualising” ethics (see below).
    • Kayla Sawoski
       
      Coming from a small closely-knit community, I have recognized that the rural areas are more group-oriented and mutually dependent on each other.  They rely on each other for support: emotionally, economically, and morally. They are responsible to each other. While in urban communities, others want to be more individualistic and focus on there rights. They are focused on the well-being of themselves.  
    • Ryan Hamilton
       
      This is pretty interesting to me and reminds me of a question that was asked in a class a few years ago: "Are we born inherently evil or good?" This one is a little different in that it asks if we are born knowing what is right and what is wrong.  I might be in a minority, but I generally disagree with the premise that we as humans are hardwired and born with a moral compass of sorts. I believe all of that comes from the experiences that we have had growing up and continues until the day that we die.  Near the end of the article it is pointed out the difference in moral views that people have from a political standpoint. These viewpoints are things that are developed over time and with every experience we have had. People that are born in a specific religious family will generally be that specific religion as they grow up. I am not sure you are born 'believing' in that religion. Same with morality, experiences may shape it and it may evolve over time. Maybe at one time you feel pushing the large man in the tracks would be a rational thing to do and maybe as you grow older and have experienced death on a personal level you would have a much tougher time deciding on the morality of that same decision. That is why asking people if they would flip the switch and/or if they would push someone physically on the tracks seems like it may not fully prove that we are inherently born with knowing something is 'wrong' because the people that are asked have had experiences that might mold their decisions.  Obviously asking someone that has been isolated from everything for their entire lives is not realistic and therefore making this sort of idea hard to answer definitively, which in turn will make it a hotly debated topic between people with different views.
  • ...4 more annotations...
    • sahalfarah
       
      I found this quote interesting because it tries to get you to think about what you consider morally correct and incorrect. In a way, I think it answers the previous questions about the supposed "harmless" acts. 
    • Alexa Datuin
       
      A lot of issues concerning morality are almost always based on what we've been through - our experiences. It goes along with "learning from our mistakes." People tend to trust those who have more experience with a certain problem, or those who have been through it before. The argument of saying that "I just know it's wrong," is not a good enough answer brings up the question of what makes it good enough? Scientists who think logically and need proof have to realize that a lot of what makes the "rules of life" were made from what we realized what was wrong, because of what was felt, what was thought, and or what was said at the time.
    • Shannon Wirawan
       
      I completely agree with Alexa when she commented that "People tend to trust those who have more experience with a certain problem, or those who have been through it before." especially pertaining to when the article said, "In a separate study which asked subjects for their ethical views on consensual incest, most people intuitively felt that incestuous sex is wrong, but when asked why, many gave up, saying, "I just know it's wrong!"-a phenomenon Haidt calls "moral dumbfounding."" When people respond with "I just know, it's wrong!" it's possible that they grew up in a community that proclaimed that incest was wrong without any reason stating otherwise. Or what Alexa mentioned, when people are asked why something is the way it is, they usually go off from what people have told them, they have a trust in that what they learned from elders who are more experienced than them, is true.
    • Karina DaSilva
       
      But what about when one actually HAS to make these decisions? When you are actually there, what will your response be? Realistically speaking, you would only have maybe a few seconds to make that decision, and I highly doubt someone would mull the moral ups and downs before making a rash action. As it says further down in the article, I think it also has to do with how intimate and personal the situation becomes. With the lever, you can distance yourself, in your mind, tell yourself the train killed the person, not you. Chances are that if a person was in that sort of situation with under 5 seconds to think, it would be much easier to pull the lever and tell yourself you had no choice. Pushing someone, however, would make it YOUR fault. YOU would be responsible for this person's death, and chances are you'd be the last thing they see. Which is why I find this article so interesting. Its fascinating how putting a middle man in a situation can completely change a point of view or outcome. 
    • Luke Gheta
       
      I find this article interesting, but a little structured. Moral obligation is embedded in everyone. Moral decisions are made by a moral compass, which is influenced by the surrounding of an individual. The problem with this study is structure. The event that is taking place is highly unlikely, the study does not stress the influence of a timed decision. 
    • Luke Gheta
       
       Time has to be the most powerful factor within the study. Time is valued differently based on customs and cultural. 
    • Caitlin Fransen
       
      It is crazy the way our institutions have caused our way of thinking to develop. a lot of what students learn in school becomes what they believe because of the schools influence and they also in some cases know no different.  
  •  
    I discussed this ethical scenario in depth last semester in my American Political Thought Class. The idea is: Is it ethical to harm one person in the act of saving another? We as humans tend to think these scenarios over all the time. Even at parties, we often entertain ourselves with silly "Would you rather?" questions. The thought is: What makes us reach such conclusions? To me, it seems people reach such conclusions based on the experiences they have had throughout their lives. I agree with the poster above me in the sense that we are not "hardwired" with a sense of moral knowledge. I feel we derive our own morality in decision making based on our own upbringing and lived experiences. For example, I grew up with parents whom were both police officers. From birth, I had my sense of morality influenced by their want to see me follow the law and be respectful to authority. Although I am now an adult, I still feel their parenting has installed a set of values that determines what I view morally right and wrong. I hate people who text and drive, and where do I get such a judgement? From my parents. Now, if I had parents whom texted while driving I most likely would have a different view on the subject. In conclusion, our own so-called moral compass comes from the own circumstance in which we are brought into the world. A boy growing up in Bel Air with rich parents will obviously have a different sense of morality regarding assisting the poor than someone born to more frugal parents. Although the concept of men being born equal can still be held as true, it is the culture that we are brought into that ultimately determines our fate.
Matt Nolan

Science of Persuasion in Courtroom Questions by Felecia Russell - 29 views

When there is a point that you do not agree with it is going to be harder to get someone to understand where you are coming from and get them to agree with you. When you are presenting evidence it ...

madison taylor

Edge: WHAT MAKES PEOPLE VOTE REPUBLICAN? By Jonathan Haidt - 9 views

  • The Democrats would lose their souls if they ever abandoned their commitment to social justice, but social justice is about getting fair relationships among the parts of the nation.
    • Felecia Russell
       
      It would be hard for democrats to abandon their commitment to social justice because that is their foundation. That is their experience because it is rooted philosophically in the concept of equality.
    • Jonathan Omokawa
       
      I agree. Because it is rooted in their philosophy, they could never be Democrats and not agree with social justice.
    • Tyler Coville
       
      Haven't they given up their commitment to social justice? Historically they have attempted to be the protectors of civil liberties yet as long as Obama has president he has made no attempts to repel legislation like the patriot act which infringes on our privacy rights and with no opposition to this position from the right there is no one to protect them.
    • Felecia Russell
       
      there is no one to protect who? Democrats? HE ACTUALLY said he would, but he did not He acually extended the Pariot Act because on May 26, 2011, President Barack Obama signed a four-year extension of three key provisions. Plus, there are far more important things going on right now for him to be worried abou repealing the patriot act!
    • Matt Nolan
       
      The foundation of the democrats is to strong and they would never be willing to change their philosophy and what the have stood for, for over hundreds of years.
    • Alexa Datuin
       
      Of course, this statement seems to true it goes without saying. The basis of being a Democrat is social justice and a lot of politics focuses around that. However, I do think it is a bit of an exaggeration to say they'd lose their souls. I don't think it's impossible for a Democrat to go left, though.
  • they honestly prefer the Republican vision of a moral order to the one offered by Democrats
    • Gaby Ramirez Castorena
       
      This comment may be very biased, but i completely disagree. I consider myself a Democrat, so this article seems non-factual to me
  • The Democrats have historically failed to grasp this rule, choosing uninspiring and aloof candidates who thought that policy arguments were forms of persuasion.
    • Gaby Ramirez Castorena
       
      again, i disagree. i think both political parties have dealt with candidates like such, not just one or the other
    • Tavish Dunn
       
      I disagree with this assertion. Because it is a guiding principle of humans in general to try to rationalize their arguments after making an emotional choice, both parties follow the first rule of moral psychology.
    • Jonathan Omokawa
       
      Lately this statement seems to be flipped around.
    • anonymous
       
      This assertion, along with the paragraph that preceded it, definitely rubbed me the wrong way. I feel that the only way to really measure morality is through the combination of both gut feelings and deciding what's logical, and then from there finding a happy medium upon which to base views. I feel that the author is placing much too heavy criticisms on Democrats, saying that they do not think about what they want in any way and only act upon their feelings, emotions and liberationist desires. There is an entire side to moral psychology in which conservatives utilize their feelings and desires as well, and I feel as though the author alludes to the claim of little to no emotional involvement in Republican policies.
    • Alexis Schomer
       
      It is very interesting how framing effects individuals of al backgrounds. I was surprised to read that even people who are educated and involved politically still get fooled by the framing effect. The fact that people stick to learning from news channels and online sources that share the same views shows that people's bias will grown and remain rather than lessen. If people learned from sources that had opposing views, they would learn new things rather than feeding themselves the biased information they already know and are used to hearing
    • sahalfarah
       
      What the heck is this guy talking about? FRD, Kennedy, and Obama are uninspiring and lacking/lacked a charismatic image? Jonathan is right when he says this statement should be flipped. Because Obama will always be more inspiring/charismatic over Romney..
    • Ryan Hamilton
       
      Well what I think the author is trying to say is that overall the messages of the Democratic party are much harder to get across to people on an emotional level. Even if Obama is charismatic, which I agree he is, it is hard for him to explain to people that spending money helps stimulate an economy when his opponent can more effectively tell people that spending is bad and debt is bad. At the debate we saw this. Romney was not specific at all about policies but he used emotional words and phrases when he summarized what he would do. That connects better with people as we see with the poll shifts after the debate. 
  • ...23 more annotations...
    • Gaby Ramirez Castorena
       
      In general, i felt that this article was somewhat disorganized- i think it could've been more effective if it's arguements were better organized and more thoroughly referncing the arguement they are trying to make
    • Sarah McKee
       
      I can see that, the topics definitely jumped around and it was a little hard to follow what they're overall goal was.
  • morally wrong, even when nobody was harmed
    • Mike Frieda
       
      "So long as he didn't serve the chicken to his friend after..." 
    • Jonathan Omokawa
       
      I would like to "Like" both posts. If its morally wrong, then isn't harmful to whomever finds it morally wrong?
    • Sarah McKee
       
      I started reading this paragraph and thought he might ask the chicken question.
    • Melissa Moreno
       
      I have this conversation in various classes and every time the chicken question is posed or one similar to it, the most interesting question was that of a man and a turtle.
  • First, when gut feelings are present, dispassionate reasoning is rare.
    • Mike Frieda
       
      Irrational actors 
    • Jonathan Omokawa
       
      I agree. The amount of decisions based on feelings is both startling and understandable. We have all been in situations where we probably acted rashly.
    • Sarah McKee
       
      We don't use logic to come to a conclusion, we use logic to explaining our conclusion.
    • Shannon Wirawan
       
      This is true. As humans, we use our emotions to play a huge part in our decision; how it makes us feel, how it would make other people feel, etc. Logic is out of the mindset when emotions overrides everything. Unless you make a decision strictly based on science, emotions will always have a role in deciding what is right and what is wrong.
  • feelings come first and tilt the mental playing field on which reasons and arguments compete.
    • Mike Frieda
       
      What saddens me the most about this, is that as we have learned, no matter your study of policy and politics you are bound to be irrational and succumb to these same short comings. 
    • Jonathan Omokawa
       
      Exactly my problem with politics these days. Too many of our decisions are based on "what do I feel", or "I don't feel that is right". One of the first courses in law school that students have to take teaches that in order to properly understand politics, you have to remove emotions from the equation and that they play no part in politics whatsoever.
    • Sarah McKee
       
      But they do, and I think they should. Emotions shouldn't rule us but emotions are a part of life and society and so they have to be a part of laws and politics as well.
    • Tatiana McCuaig
       
      This explains reasoning used when people encounter sticky or uncomfortable situations and need a way to cope with them. They will first use emotional reasons to defend why something may be wrong, yet in the end they see that based purely on need, it is the only means available.
  • Conservative positions on gays, guns, god, and immigration must be understood as means to achieve one kind of morally ordered society.
    • Jonathan Omokawa
       
      Using just these parameters, I could argue that Conservative positions could just as easily be trying to uphold the United States Constitution. I am not saying that I agree with everything said, just stating the holes in the argument.
    • Ryan Brown
       
      This is just one of the statements he makes that doesn't make sense to me. He does not understand why I vote republican other than he thinks these 4 issues are important to me. He doesnt take into context everything, no one party is perfect and no one person has the views of one party. It is an imperfect system as will be, I vote republican because I believe in minimal government, more liberties and "smart" or no spending, and for nothing to impair the growth of the education system (limiting illegal immigration), those are my 4. I could be seen as a libertarian and am, but the democratic party does nothing for me, quite the opposite in fact
    • Tyler Schnorf
       
      I agree with the highlighted portion. We have to have some common ground when referring to polictics and morals. We are becomming so partison and split we have to unite on what we were founded on and what worked for so many years for our country.
    • Dana Sacca
       
      I agree with Tyler. I feel that liberals are trying to bring us into the new times, but conservatives are pulling back so hard that there is a massive divide forming. We need to find common ground because this split is making it hard for us to bring our contry out of the hole it is trapped in.
    • Cameron Schroeck
       
      I agree with the fact that a common ground needs to be achieved, but I must be realistic as I do not think that an agreement is hardly ever reached with minimal struggle between the two parties. I resent Haidt's glorification of conservatism on these issues. I do not think that Democrats nor Republicans have the fully appropriate approach to these issues. Ideally, both perspectives must be blended to create a 'morally rational' decision.  
  • a Millian society at its best would be a peaceful, open, and creative place where diverse individuals respect each other's rights and band together voluntarily (as in Obama's calls for "unity") to help those in need or to change the laws for the common good.
  • Unity is not the great need of the hour, it is the eternal struggle of our immigrant nation. The three Durkheimian foundations of ingroup, authority, and purity are powerful tools in that struggle.
  • Republicans offer "moral clarity"—a simple vision of good and evil that activates deep seated fears in much of the electorate. Democrats, in contrast, appeal to reason with their long-winded explorations of policy options for a complex world.
    • alyssa Scheer
       
      democrats, being more liberal than republicans, see the not so popular side of things. Republicans may offer a "Moral clarity" but thats because they are strict and play everything by the book. Democrats see more openly 
    • Luke Gheta
       
      What? " being more liberal than republicans, see the not so popular side of things". "Democrats see more openly". Ahhh
  • But now that we can map the brains, genes, and unconscious attitudes of conservatives, we have refined our diagnosis: conservatism is a partially heritable personality trait that predisposes some people to be cognitively inflexible, fond of hierarchy, and inordinately afraid of uncertainty, change, and death.
    • Sarah McKee
       
      Is it just me or do they describe voting republican like it's some sort of terrible disease. I sense a little bit of bias here.
    • Mark Drach-Meinel
       
      It's more than just a disease. It's described as being a genetic make-up. I think that is worse than being a disease because there isn't a cure for a genetic code.
  • I was a 29 year old liberal atheist who had spent his politically conscious life despising Republican presidents, and I was charged up by the culture wars that intensified in the 1990s.
    • Eric Arbuckle
       
      Not surprised
  • Religion and political leadership are so intertwined across eras and cultures because they are about the same thing: performing the miracle of converting unrelated individuals into a group.
    • steve santos
       
      this i found very ironic with the explicit divide drawn from church an state as a means of policy in itself and then how Durkneim's statement shows how even if it is said they are to be separate, the structure of society and the basis of any one faith have systematically been intertwined to meet a means of advancing any one collective's ideals. Its a presentation of faith and religion as a ends to a means of structure and justification to the way in which things are done in government and within the personal experience in defining which is the one right way to cultivate the beliefs of a majority and all things unrelated into a group. As its stated in this segment: a miracle.
    • sahalfarah
       
      There have always been voters who vote for certain people or props based on their religious affiliation. I somewhat understand why people do this, but sometimes it's carried away. For example, one of my friends voting in this election is a devout catholic. She wasn't well versed in the issues and the candidates and so I encouraged her to research more before voting. She said she nearly agreed with EVERYTHING President Obama stood for, but she will still be voting for Romney JUST because of his stance on abortion. I totally get it if you believe in something, whether it's divine or just emotional but this seems a bit ridiculous to me.  
    • chelseaedgerley
       
      Being a christian I base my vote off what I believe and Morals, and I think thats totlly resonable. If there was a dem who could fix america Id vote for him. Back when Reagan ran both repubs an dems loved him. People went off who would do better for the country, despite what party they were from. Sad that its complete opposite these days. I am far right because of what I believe in, romney stands for those also and is a business man. But yes some people get carried away, overall I wish people were more educated on what there looking for in a president
    • Courtney Sabile
       
      I agree, I'd say I'm a religious individual. Politically for me, it all depends on which candidate can fix the country. The two political parties become biased against one another. Democrats criticize the Republicans, and Republicans do the same. This is the sad fact of today's politics, it's hard to agree on something. Improving America is our priority and voters should consider that.
  • Why are grasshoppers kosher but most locusts are not?
    • Alexis Schomer
       
      The beginning of this  text seems like a biased attempt to make sense of republicans. Haidt makes it seem like republicans are illogical and only carry o their republican ideas because of tradition. His article gets interesting when he talks about the experiments and how a majority of the people found harmless acts to be wrong. This shows that many people react without thinking, they react based on their emotions. 
  • In short, I was immersed in a sex-segregated, hierarchically stratified, devoutly religious society, and I was committed to understanding it on its own terms, not on mine.
    • georgenasr
       
      This is good perspective to gain; if you go even deeper into this persons research, you would have to see how different cultures see political ideologies differently.
  • Only one group—college students at Penn—consistently exemplified Turiel's definition of morality and overrode their own feelings of disgust to say that harmless acts were not wrong. (A few even praised the efficiency of recycling the flag and the dog).
    • Lauren Dudley
       
      This is interesting that the students went against their emotions and feelings to say that it was not wrong because the actions did not hurt anyone. This is interesting because human beings are irrational in nature as they base their opinions with morals off their emotions and feelings with disgusts, so these experiments are very interesting to take note of.
  • My first few weeks in Bhubaneswar were theref
  • morality is any system of interlocking values, practices, institutions, and psychological mechanisms that work together to suppress or regulate selfishness and make social life possible.
    • Finn Sukkestad
       
      I rally like this definition of morality.  I think that is considers most peoples goal despite having different morals.  I say most because I cant try to say that i know every set of moral standards held by each individual on this planet.  But i think that this is a very non discriminating definition of what morals are really for and it takes away the maliciousness of some morals by giving them a goal of grater good. 
    • Caitlin Fransen
       
      i also like this definition of morality, i think it shows what morality means and in a way can describe a good reason as to why republicans vote the way they do and why they like the morality that republicans have to offer. 
  • "the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others."
    • Finn Sukkestad
       
      This could be taken a long way by applying it to today.  You could say that the government in raising taxes for the one percent in order to prevent unhealthy and harmful lifestyles for those less privledged.  Just a thought.
  • If Democrats want to understand what makes people vote Republican, they must first understand the full spectrum of American moral concerns. They should then consider whether they can use more of that spectrum themselves.
    • Brandon White
       
      This article was quite unsettling to me, but at least the author admits at this point that democrats need to see that the other side of the political aisle is not composed of senseless individuals. I wish more people in both political parties would realize this. Our us vs them mentality that we often have in politics can often harm our ability to see other's morals for what they are. 
  • Drew Westen points out that the Republicans have become the party of the sacred, appropriating not just the issues of God, faith, and religion, but also the sacred symbols of the nation such as the Flag and the military.
    • sahalfarah
       
      I get extremely annoyed when republicans claim to be the party of "faith and patriotism". Since when does being a liberal make you less patriotic than being a conservative? This is something that has become something of an epidemic for the GOP over the past few decades. I guarantee you that you cannot find ONE SINGLE speech spoken by a republican politician that does't reference God or freedom. 
    • Ryan Hamilton
       
      Welcome to the game of politics. If you have ever seen Fox News they believe that the Bible and Constitution are the two most patriotic items in America. And if a Democrat does not mention one or the other, or both, they get slammed for their unpatriotic ideals. I wish everything was based on rational policy making, but we do not live in that world. We live in the world where taking out "under God" in the pledge will make national headlines as an attack on religious freedom. Which is ridiculous if you think about it. Religious freedom would be "under ..." fill in whatever you believe.
    • Caitlin Scott
       
      I think that this article was not  all encompassing.  Haidt decided to use psychology of Republicans on social issues to make a broader statement of why people vote Republican.  While this could be true for why Republicans vote a certain way on social issues, I don't think that he can make that full jump to conclude about the broader issue of conservative voters.  In addition, his examples and statements provided little evidence to prove that his conclusions were actually true.  Haidt can come up with a philosophy that sounds reasonable but that in itself is not enough evidence to prove a point.
    • madison taylor
       
      I think only a few number of conservatives would actually fit into this idea of what he thiks a republican is.
  •  
    It says in this article that conservatism is a partially heritable personal trait, but I was told in highs school that people learn their political preferences mostly through what they were taught by their families (political socialization). This idea goes very well with the nature/nurture debate. I used to wonder about what made something sacred; was holy water holy just because someone blessed it? Mr Haidt's idea that "Sacredness is really about society and its collective concerns" makes a lot more sense. By the way, holy cheese comes from holy cows. Holy cows come from India!
  • ...5 more comments...
  •  
    I agree in which the most influence in people's political preferences come directly from their families. A person tends to sway to the side in which their parents take, because that's what they are taught from the beginning.
  •  
    Due to the lack of hard, truthful facts and the biased wording I don't believe that Conservatism is a heritable personal trait. If we step away from stereotypical ideologies that we have towards Republicans and Conservatives, we can see that most views stem from the environment they grow up in and how involved they are in the political realm of things. I also believe that beliefs stem from your young adult years and you grow into forming your own opinions. Once someone has fully come into their own they are able to form their own opinions that aline with being labeled as a Conservative, a Republican, a Liberal or a Democrat or a Moderate.
  •  
    I agree with you Kiera, there were very few hard and factual pieces of information, therefore, I could not make a ture judgement on this piece. Generally speaking, I do believe that one's political ideologies come from conditioning throughtout early teenage days through young adulthood. After that, they can form their own opinions then becoming apart of whatever party they wish
  •  
    I do agree with Felicia. Social justices is the basis of the democratic party. It is what attracts many to it. If politicians were to abandon these ideals then it could be fatal to their party's future success.
  •  
    I agree that this article was not a very well thought out piece. It was a little all over the place and in most areas for me, hard to grasp. But there are a lot of things in this article that I did not like. It seemed to me that this article is more of an attack on conservative beliefs. I am a Libertarian but I always vote Republican because I belief in many conservative ideas. I belief that more power should be constituted with the states and each state should get to run their state how they choose. I belief that taxes should always be low for everyone and that the government should not just spend our taxpayer money they way they seem is the most beneficial to us. I believe that the wars abroad are pointless and that the real war that we should be focusing on is our national defense on our border with Mexico. I believe in following the Constitution and not sidestepping and trying to change the Constitution that I have seen most Liberals in the government do. I don't care what someone's political stance is, just don't be a douche about something when you disagree with someone.
  •  
    It is fascinating to try to understand why people vote one way and other people vote another way. Republicans seem to offer simple solutions of "moral clarity" which are easy to understand and like. It is easy to like their positions-who wouldn't! The article talks about morality and the author discusses his research. He gives some very dramatic examples of situations (people eating their dog, using the American flag to clean their toilet) to provoke us into thinking about how we feel. These are all really good questions-and they do not have easy answers. He mentions that when people have "gut feelings" they do not use their heads to think about things clearly. This is true and I am like this, too! Morality also depends on culture. In some cultures it might be acceptable to eat dog! He talks about his trip to India and how he gradually came to like people who were very different from him. This is how he lost his "righteous passion" and how he, in my opinion, became more human. This is the most important point of the article to me: you can respect someone else's opinion even if you do not agree. The author calls the Republican party a "sacred" one and the Democratic a "profane" one. I think this is a good way of putting it because Republicans talk about big issues like God and religion and the Democrats talk about society and its problems. I also reflected on the national motto of the American flag: "e pluribus unum (from many, one) and think that both parties should promote this.
  •  
    Freedom of speech and the freedom to practice your beliefs is what seperates the USA from France. However you cannot impose religion it is the bases of why church and state must remain seperate. If the church slips into the state that is over riding our constitutional rights.
Mangala Kanayson

3quarksdaily: LEGOS and the Changing Face of American Higher Education - 6 views

  • it’s whatever you want it to be, or perhaps more accurately, whatever you can make of it
    • Joshua Gray
       
      Just like school
    • Joshua Gray
       
      The difference in colors of highlights is intentional. I picked blue as a cause or a situation/event. The green then represents a result of either one or more blue highlights nearby.
    • Mike Frieda
       
      This paragraph features demographic information that helps establish the focus of the article TU
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • In other words, Towson University offers a reasonable cross-section of Northeastern American college students.
  • I attribute that to their having grown up with the internet.
  • Simply put, they’re much more open minded than my generation
  • But not anymore.  Now LEGOS come with specific plans and goals.
  • Here are your instructions.  Do it this way.  Here is your goal.  Achieve what has been carefully laid out for you.  Your success or failure will be defined by these very clear and rigid parameters.
    • Mangala Kanayson
       
      The individual's "good life" is sacrificed for 'success,' as  defined by said "clear and rigid parameters."
    • Mike Frieda
       
      This is an excellent point, and while I do not see the psychological effects of different versions of LEGOS actually affecting youth, I do agree with the author that 'career tracking' is becoming more and more prevalent.
  • They haven’t spent enough time discovering, wondering, and inventing.  Instead, too often they have been given detailed blueprints about what their LEGO world should look like.
    • Mike Frieda
       
      This strikes me as the author's key argument. 
  • It can be a painful lesson in the need to write clearly and the importance of knowing your audience, and a lot of them have already learned it by the time they get to my class.
    • Nancy Camarillo
       
      It is interesting to see how the author attributes writing clearly and knowing how formulate thoughts to your audience based on the social tendencies of this generation.
  • The result is that  today’s students are far more comfortable simply accepting an idea, person, or thing for what it is.
    • Nancy Camarillo
       
      Although in our modern society war is a common term, it doesn't physically affect us as much as it would have during past eras such as world wars. Our lives are not perfect, but we have the ability to live a much comfortable life and shape our policies to fulfill that. 
  • In college this often translates into a generation of students who want the answers but are less interested in asking questions.
  • If the process is more open, then they are often confused and worried.  If they are challenged to forge their own path, to find their own answers, or god forbid to ask questions that have no clear answers, then they are apt to panic or stare at you blankly.  That kind of process either scares or confuses them.
    • Lauren Petta
       
      The author really has a clear idea of what is going on. I can personally say that I, like many others, panic when there is no "right" answer to a question. We have grown up in a world full of information. When we don't know the "correct" answer, we "google" it. We lack creativity because we don't have to do as much critical thinking. 
    • magen sanders
       
      minimalist thinking and ideas transform into what most think to be better more complex ones, but when it comes to something as simple as toys people make it more complex with set instructions but simplify it because it no longer takes creativity and ideas but following direction
    • magen sanders
       
      even though some college students today have the privilege of higher education they are "under privileged" in other ways but they still have as good if not better ideas to build their life
  •  
    This article is very true; society does not emphasize being creative nearly as much as they emphasize doing things the "right" way. It is sad that it is so because it defeats the spirit of innovation. In careers, people who can make the quality of life better and more efficient in ways that others have never thought of are the ones who become successful and are remembered, not those who do what has already been done.
  •  
    In the prescribed article, the author Akim Reinhardt was asked the simple question of are newer students getting better or worse. Akim Reinhardt accepted that the new students are both. I agree with the professor in some aspects because in many ways the students of the newer generations are good with some skills and bad with others. For example, the newer generations are always getting better with the new technology always coming out then the older generations. We are better at this because we grew up around technology when computers and the internet were a new and interesting thing. Because of all the advances in technology we are able to always adapt to the different types of technology. On the other hand I would say we are worse if we have to give up our technology and open up an encyclopedia to do our work. The internet has always been a source of information for us were you could find anything about a certain topic. But if we were told to just use outside information, I believe that we would struggle finding the information as the older generations would not. We grew up in a society where everything was just given to us and we were told what to do. We are so dependent on people telling us what to do that we forgotten how to basically think for ourselves and do the work that we want to do.
  •  
    I agree with this article by Reinhardt, in society today too many people are worried about doing things the right way or the accepted way, and no longer are using their creative talents. When Reinhardt says, "When confronted with a round peg and a square hole, they are less likely to try and jam the peg in, or to blame it, judge it, and then cast it out." I agree completely with his description of students today. If i am confronted with a problem like this, I would look for another way to find a solution to my problem.
Caitlin Fransen

Joanna Moorhead on the best country to give birth | Life and style | The Guardian - 18 views

    • magen sanders
       
      obviously these statistics of new mothers dying is high because of a lack of medical insight and medicine as well as resources but if perhaps they do live through a childbirth are they aware of the now even higher chances of death during a 2nd or 3rd child birth?or is it just now a expected custom?
    • nsamuelian
       
      i had the same questions in my mind while reading this, but i think if they have the proper medication and necessities to advance the process and outcomes of the childbirth in the first place, the survival rate of the 2nd and 3rd children will possibly increase as well.
    • Matt Nolan
       
      it is sad to see that women in this country are not able to receive proper medical attention for their babies. Its not just the medical attention that is lacking, it is the transportation where is the transportation for these mothers? As a society we need to do something for these third world countries to receive the proper medical attention, changes need to be made and we all have to participate.
    • anonymous
       
      These are the stories that make me want to pursue a career in Public Health. It is absolutely ridiculous that mothers in Niger and all over impoverished Africa are forced to go through such a delicate procedure virtually on their own with only slightly trained caretakers, if they're lucky. Birth is the beginning of life, and no one's life should begin this way. Mothers' greatest joys should be the birth of their children, yet they clearly are unable to enjoy this process (or gain any positive feelings from it whatsoever) in any way due to poor conditions. The issue of economic inequality throughout the world is presented in a huge way by this article. If Swedish mothers-to-be can be given such fantastic care, mothers in Africa (and mothers everywhere, for that matter) should be able to receive just as much care. However, the overall key is education. All successful pursuits within governments begin with educated and well-trained personnel who can perform any and all necessary tasks pertaining to a position.
    • Ryan Brown
       
      This article is quite ridiculous when you compare both countries as it should not be done. There are two many different situations that yes, it does show the differences between the two socieites and many of the problems but what can be done to change this? The infrastructure need sto updated and worked on but that is more complicated (and expensive) then anyone can understand for a 3rd world country. The United States often times takes situations like these into hand and tries to help the world solve its problems but you cant keep giving handouts, especially when we are already struggling to support our own country. Yes I think every child deserves to live and be born in a safe environment where they should be given the chance to succeed but we can not save everyone, we must be realistic, no matter how bad this sounds, it is the truth.
    • Xochitl Cruz
       
      Along with what Marina said, the women in Niger do not get to enjoy the birth of their child. Instead they have to endure this immense pain, which may last for plenty of hours, and do so quietly. The process of childbirth is not pleasant, but it is a joyous moment for the mother. Nevertheless, they have to endure and then walk back to their home without getting any check-up after the labor. This problem is just leading to more problems for the mothers and newborns since the mothers endure about nine months and their newborn might die instantly. I think that the country should get not necessarily professionals, but sanitary facilities to move a step forward and cut down the statistic a bit more.
  • She was was born by caesarean section because of worries over a uterine scar, the result of previous surgery. It might have been fine, the doctors told her, but there was a risk it might rupture. "Why take that risk?" says Carmen, smiling
    • Gaby Ramirez Castorena
       
      i think this further emphasizes the difference in the care that each location chooses to dedicate to childbirth- one place doesn't care or seem to want to even try and deal with the risks of childbirth, whereas the other place is all about prevention and care
    • jose marichal
       
      I AGREE WITH GABY
    • magen sanders
       
      was this a nessessity or are the people being spoiled with this type of care. i understand care in a hospital is important but this may be overdoing it a bit.
    • Sarah McKee
       
      How is this overdoing it? It's best, if you can, to take all precautions. It's easier to take a precaution then to fix a problem after the fact. If there had been a complication she could have died or her baby could have died.
    • Eric Henderson
       
      I think this may be overdoing it just a little bit, just because of my personal morals, but in their particular society, it is perfectly normal to avoid any risks whatsoever by way of a caesarean section. I personally was born this way, but this is only true because it was a danger to my health. This is the only instance in which I believe it is 100 percent acceptable to have a caesarean section performed.
    • Jonathan Omokawa
       
      I don't think that they are being spoiled. I think its odd to do a caesarean because of cosmetic worries. Since, I assume that is her reason for not wanting the uterine scar. But I definitely don't think its overdoing it. Personally, if I had the resources for everything to go the way I wanted, why not take advantage of it.
    • Lauren Frenkel
       
      Agreed. Why not take advantage of the available resources? When comparing the different types of care available it may seem a bit over the top how ever it is keeping women safe and comfortable. Although comfort is not a necessity, it is a luxury that other countries unfortunately do not have access to. Perhaps if more luxuries were provided then less deaths would occur for both women and infants.
    • Alexa Datuin
       
      I agree with Sarah, Jonathan, and Lauren. I think it's important to take advantage of all resources at all times, even more so if you can afford it. I don't think there is any way to "over-do" anything when it comes to health. With technology these days, it's best to keep moving forward and continue to find new ways for problems and situations that will happen for many years to come. Otherwise, all the money and time spent into doing health research will be put to waste. It's better to be safe than sorry.
  • ...52 more annotations...
  • he fertility rate, at 7.5, is among the highest in the world.
    • magen sanders
       
      thats because they dont have access to birth control of any kind including condoms and oral contraceptives.
    • Sarah McKee
       
      And currently it is the highest at 7.6.
    • Jonathan Omokawa
       
      I agree with Magen. The complete lack of knowledge in this area of the world is ridiculous. Many of the women would rather take risks than use contraceptives because of its too hard to get them or too expensive. Is it not easier to just say no? I can't imagine there are tv shows or billboards promoting sex in these parts of the world.
    • Ashley Mehrens
       
      I really don't think that the women have much of an option. They don't have the extra money to spend on contraceptives considering they probably can hardly feed their families. Also the women probably don't have the option to say no. Niger is culturally much different than where we live, probably using a more patriarchal system. The men dominate home life, saying no isn't practical. On top of all that if they don't have the money for decent healthcare, they also probably don't have the means to have television or billboards, especially in the villages that the article talks about.
    • Amanda Power
       
      of course children are not going to live very long if they are not properley cared for and checked for diseases after they are born. They miss a treatment window and are unfortunatly killed by the diseases that could have been cured or even prevented.
    • Gaby Ramirez Castorena
       
      furthermore, is this lack of aftercare due to the poverty in Niger, or the lack of importance that these people give to childbirth? or possibly both?
    • Sarah McKee
       
      I can't imagine that it is do to a lack of importance of childbirth. Children are important in all societies or at least virtually all, I hate to say all. But it is programmed into our DNA, we take care of children, they are important for our survival and the survival of our species. I mean, maybe they have a slightly less important in Niger because Niger has the highest total birth rate in the world but I can not fathom a society that does not think of children as being important.
    • Joshua Gray
       
      I couldn't imagine that somehow only in Niger people didn't put an importance on child birth. I am led to believe that the lack of aftercare in Niger is indeed due to the amount of severe poverty. There aren't many doctors or nurses there trained in modern medicine, and those rare cases that a Nigerian citizen gets a scholarship to medical school, how likely do you think it is they'd want to return? I am not saying they hate their country or that none return, but to them it is a way out of poverty and to a better life
  • There is no aftercare, Insa explains: no midwife will check up on mother or baby, so Dahara will have to use her own judgment if there are any post-natal problems and seek help if and where she can
  • Niger is officially the most dangerous place on earth to have a baby: in May, a Save the Children report found that, of the 125 nations it surveyed, Niger was where childbirth was most likely to end badly. Statistically, Dahara, who is 26, has a one-in-seven chance of dying during her reproductive years as a result of a pregnancy-related complication or infection, or childbirth injury. Her baby son, lying here on the table, has a 15% chance of not reaching his first birthday and a one-in-six chance of not making it to the age of five. And Dahara is fortunate to have had the skills of a midwife like the cheerful Insa: across the country, only 16% of deliveries are attended by anyone with any training at all.
    • Gaby Ramirez Castorena
       
      These statistics are obviously very concerning and eye-opening when it comes to comparing between childbirth here in the US and childbirth in places like NIger. However, I also wonder why these woman choose to go through so many risks in childbirth by having so many children. I understand that perhaps these woman and their families desire children on their behave, but why choose to have so many if the risks only dramatically increase? Is this for reasons of culture or mere wants on behalf of the family (ies)?
    • Joshua Gray
       
      I believe at least a part of the issue for countries like these are that they have serious lack of birth control. Many of these people are very uneducated and lack advice in these areas that our culture often takes for granted. Having a large family can also be a plus in their enviornment. More people, more workers and their children can help with work. Or if the parents become sick, they will have someone to look after them.
    • Meghann Ellis
       
      This show global inequality based on the statistics of survival of mom and baby. Niger clearly doesn't have the technology to make childbirth more efficient. In comparison to Sweden's hospital care, Dahara is left be the doctor to herself and her child, thus risking the life of her baby and of herself. The care in Niger seems cruel and unsafe , where as Sweden has midwives there for every step of the way. Everywhere in the world no matter what the country should have proper equipment and care for childbirth.
  • Until then, she, her partner Tommy Svedberg, 41 - who was at the birth and is now taking paternity leave to be involved in his daughter's first weeks - and Tess are staying at the hospital, in a large, hotel-like double room.
    • Gaby Ramirez Castorena
       
      ...contrary to the other family, where the father won't even be involved at all in the early weeks of their baby's life
    • Jonathan Omokawa
       
      I had no idea there was something called paternity leave. I thought that this was pretty cool. I think its pretty important that the father is there to help the mother deal with the newborn. This also might help prevent psychological problems with the mother.
    • Alexis Schomer
       
      I agree. I had no idea either but I think it's great that the father supports the mother. Child birth is a miracle but it can also come with extreme side effects and the support of a husband can be very helpful in these situations! 
  • Education, she says, is key. "If we could raise awareness of some of the health issues, we could save many lives,"
    • Tavish Dunn
       
      While more advanced medical equipment would help deal with many issues new mothers face in delivery, help from people with actual training to help with deliveries would prevent several of the complications faced by new mothers giving birth.
    • Caitlin Scott
       
      I think that the Save the Children people are doing a great job in doing the small part that they have in educating the women of Niger about even something so small as breast feeding.  I don't think that they have unattainable goals and if education is where the change needs to start then building up from there would do a world of difference for those women.
  • massage, a shower, acupuncture
    • Sarah McKee
       
      During labor?
    • Jonathan Omokawa
       
      Did not think that acupuncture was something performed in hospitals.
  • Because, it transpires, when you come into hospital to have a baby in Niger, your relatives come too: they sleep on the floor by your bed, they help look after you and your baby, and they are here, too, to donate blood if you have a postpartum haemorrhage - you only get blood if you bring your own donors.
    • Sarah McKee
       
      But they said that the father doesn't even come or deal with the child for the first few weeks or so. So, are these just people from the mother's side of the family?
    • Hayley Jensen
       
      Maybe this speaks to gender roles and how they differ throughout the world? This seems to be perpetuating the female gender role as the primary care taker with babies, at least for the first part of life.
  • Of 2,600 babies born here last year, around one in six was dead at delivery or died soon afterwards. In addition, a total of 61 mothers lost their lives. This is shocking stuff: in Uppsala, where there are 4,000 births a year, two to three babies will die annually and one woman will die, on average, every seven years.
    • Sarah McKee
       
      I wonder how the US ranks in these statistics.
    • Kiera Murphy
       
      This is extremely shocking. It's a shame that the technology here in the U.S. has been utilized for decades and other places in the world don't have the ability of access the advances necessary for survival. This idea pertains to more than just pregnancy and delivery. A majority of medical advances, such as medicine, is not available to the people who are in need. Letting people die when we have the resources to save their life, is not moral. I understand that because of financial reasons we can't save the world from all it's problems. But how odd is it that we can't even agree to have universal healthcare for our own citizens??
  • And then the wife gets worse and they say, well there's no point in taking her now, she's going to die anyway
    • Sarah McKee
       
      Obviously men don't value women or children in Niger.
  • three weeks early and is slightly underweight
    • Amanda Power
       
      if this situation were to happen in niger the baby would have died, and so would the mother if complications with the uterine scar (which would probably have not been seen) had risen.
  • Niger's women have to pay for the privilege of their substandard, inadequate services
    • Amanda Power
       
      I think i would rather have my baby at home than walk all this way to be treated very poorly, possibly not have a midwife, and have to pay.
    • tania markussen
       
      The fact that the nigerian women have to pay for poor treatment where one in seven leads to death and where there is no medical equipment if anything goes wrong and no pain killers is very sad and feels very unfair.
    • Melissa Moreno
       
      This really resonated with me because I feel that it is such a strong comment on what the female population has achieved in the more advanced countries but does paint a picture of how far we are yet to come on a more global scale. I am curious as to where the 100% comes from and if the numbers prove to be completely true I would hope that the United States would strive to for this in regards to their female population, and on a broader scale the entire population to be as literate and educated as Sweden (China, Japan, etc.). While we are one of the most advanced countries in the world we still have a massive mountain to climb in relation to healthcare, education, and various other facets as a whole.
  • Sweden, by contrast, is one of the wealthiest economies on earth. Its people are healthy and well-fed, its shops well-stocked, its communications excellent and its women well-educated, with virtually 100% female literacy. More than 72% use modern contraception and the average age for a first birth is 29. The fertility rate is 1.7. It is, in every way, a happier and healthier place to be a woman.
    • Alexis Schomer
       
      It;s amazing what money and education can do to a community! 
    • steve santos
       
      its very interesting to think of these notions of morality and personal motif in the definition of defining the line between the polis and the market when there are many limiting factors dissolving the two of them. where there is no gubernatorial sense of how to allocate resources to feed people; very little is any, and then the polis struggling to make ends meat and water of daily survival to bring into consideration that of others. certain things then become "nice problems to have" in western civilization when drinking water is abundant and famine is not an actuality as opposed to how it is in Niger where life to death is over, or under depending how you look at it, in regards to the access to something so crucial as clean water
  • To call the birth centre here basic is an understatement: to the western eye, from the outside, it resembles a neglected public lavatory
    • Mike Frieda
       
      This line was definitely powerful in my mind. It really contrasts the difference in quality of life between a first world nation and Niger. 
    • Mike Frieda
       
      "Why take that risk" - immediately made me cringe at the privileged healthcare that we are provided in first world nations in contrast to that which is provided in the third world.  
    • Mike Frieda
       
      Honestly, this makes me sick. I can't stand seeing nations unable to offer proper healthcare to their citizens and then over charging. Of course we see these fees in the US as well, but predominantly the average American can afford all basic medical expenses (this is not to say we shouldn't have true universal healthcare - because we should). It saddens me that the government of Niger can not properly regulate the industry or perhaps provide some sort of aid for mothers to be. While I understand their economy is lacking, which is a much greater issue at hand, it is truly disheartening to read about all the statistics in this article and realize those deaths were of real mothers who would have survived given proper care. 
    • Joette Carini
       
      I really do wish that more people out there could read this type of article... it really is a reality check. It deeply saddens me to not only know this new information given to me about how it is in the world of Niger, but also to know that people like Carmen really do not know how good they have it. I myself have never truly been exposed to a type of environment like Dahara's, and I am so very thankful, but many people do not have the gratitude that I do for being raised in a generally clean and safe environment where people actually work for the well-being of children and where complications are minimal, and it bothers me to know that SO many people take it for granted. 
  • in Niger, birth is considered to be women's work and fathers keep their distance. The only piece of medical equipment in evidence in the entire centre is a plastic bowl into which Dahara has delivered the placenta.
  • Mothers in labour are looked after with every hi-tech advantage possible
    • Eric Arbuckle
       
      Shows a great difference in the ways women are treated in the two countries. It is to no surprise Niger, seeming to be a country still living in history and ancient Islamic beliefs, shows nearly no interest in the well being of women. Much like Afghanistan and other undeveloped Islamic countries.
    • Kayla Sawoski
       
      Compared to Sweden, Niger is definitely less developed and less technologically advanced. Clearly, the Swedish people have more opportunities and are living in a flourishing area. 
  • Most of the mothers I talked to had had their first baby at 15 or 16 -one had had 11 babies before she was 25. Only 4% use modern contraception and not for cultural or religious reasons - many of the women I asked said they would welcome advice on spacing their children.
    • Eric Arbuckle
       
      Seems to be common in old traditional Islamic countries.
    • Devin Milligan
       
      This makes me really happy to be living in America.
    • Nicolas Bianchi
       
      It's crazy how different cultures can be
    • Eric Arbuckle
       
      Sums up the reality and horrible differences between Sweden and a country like Niger.
    • Edmund Garrett
       
      A random razor blade? Seems to be an invitation for infection
    • Ashley Mehrens
       
      It probably is an invitation for infection, but they have no other options. Throughout the article they have said multiple times that they simply can't afford anything more efficient. In a small village like the one described they have a village attendant that has probably never had any formal training only figured some of the common things out through experience. 
  • It's 10am on a stiflingly hot Monday morning and I am in a delivery room with one of the unluckiest mothers on the planet. She is Dahara Laouali, and at the moment she is lying on a narrow, dusty hospital trolley pushing her baby into the w
    • jose marichal
       
      This is dumb.....
  • silence
    • georgenasr
       
      Why is this considered a tradition? Does anyone know why this is actually significant/symbolic for mothers in Niger? 
    • Devin Milligan
       
      I have no idea, but i can only imagine how unpleasant that would be. I would like to know the answer to your questions as well.
    • Kayla Sawoski
       
      Going through labor is a tough moment for all women. Not being able to speak or produce any type of noise would make it that much more unpleasant. 
    • Kevin Olive
       
      I wonder how and why this tradition started in the first place? Wonder what happens if the tradition is broken?
    • Brandon Weger
       
      Its interesting and quite saddening to see that the tradition is to endure labor in silence, especially when Nigerian mothers have so much less at their disposal, that they have to be strong when the health care is so weak... almost as though they are forced to compensate for Niger's lacking
    • Kim H
       
      Interesting thought that its like they are "forced to compensate for Niger's lacking". It does kind  of seem that way. I wonder if the tradition comes out of that old saying of "children should be seen and not heard", but in this case its the women. 
  • that the messages aren't getting through
    • georgenasr
       
      Will it make a difference? These mothers seem very insistent on sticking to tradition; since they refuse to make any sound while giving birth to a child. I feel like some mothers would change their attitudes on breast-feeding, but others will want to commit to traditions. 
  • They scream, they shriek, they moan, they writhe: and they do it two to a room because there is no such thing as private delivery space. Nor for the most part is there any such thing as pain relief - a trip round the dispensary reveals empty shelves. Only women who have a caesarean are given anaesthetic.
    • Lauren Dudley
       
      It is horrible to hear about the agony that women have to go through in Niger to bring a new life into this world, a moment that should be joyous. It is astounding and I bet that many people are not even aware... we here in the United States take for granted our modern technology, safe environments, and the knowledge we have in order to have safe procedures, such as during childbirth. I hope that this changes soon in order to give these women somewhat of a relief.
    • Alexis Schomer
       
      I thought they had to be silent...?
  • harassed-looking midwives
  • "What makes us successful is that we put women at the centre of what we're doing,"
    • Lauren Dudley
       
      This is a big difference between Niger and Sweden as Niger doesnt provide what should be necessities and the father is not apart of the birthing process, etc. In Sweden they realize how miraculous this process is, but also how precautious they need to be... I hope Niger can get sufficient funds and work on increasing their care of the women to give them some peace of mind about the labour process.
    • elliott reyes
       
      this is a better difference becasue sweden women have better care than Niger women niger women are poorer and cannot access the resources that sweden women have
  • A tale of two pregnancies: from a helicopter to a horse and cart
    • Courtney Sabile
       
      This last section of the article best sums up the drastic contrast between the maternity care in Sweden and Niger.
    • Tori Mayeda
       
      What the lady from Sweden is going to experience is something that is realistic to me, But what the lady in Niger has to go through is unimaginable. I don't think i would want to have a child if the conditions were like that. They are definitely on opposite sides of the spectrum.   
    • Luke Gheta
       
      I find this comparison troblesome. The author of the website and the organization of, save the children, are framing an argument of two locations that are the best and worst places to bear a child. I ask the question why? Why would you want to construct an article about how different Niger mother-bearing is compared to Sweden. I could assume that most readers agree that there are problems in Niger that should be addressed. The cleaver ending " A tale of two pregancies: from a helicopter to a horse and cart" should not be the focus of this web-article. THE FRAMING IS ALL WRONG, I would advise the author or authors to express more solutions. Educations is the solution. Well is it? Education is the foundation but applying the skills is the " Different plant". Sweden learned how to reduce fatality rates of giving birth by learning from the past. While Niger is still living in the past. Conflicting time zones. Joanna Moorhead should have utilized her time efficently. Instead of tell a story that everyone already knows about. She should have helped the pregant women in Niger by getting the horses ready and pleading doctors in Sweden to donate there resourses in Niger. Know that would be time well spent.
  • I'll be able to phone the hospital with any worries and the midwives will come out to see me every day if I need them," she says.
    • Tatiana McCuaig
       
      This is the complete opposite of the situation that Dahara is in with her new born. Carmen has multiple resources available with simply a phone call, while Dahara has to solve any worries on her own or with the few resources in the village
    • jackmcfarland12
       
      In my sociology class we have been discussing the connections between social norms of genders and of different cultures. Whenever I picture a typical American childbirth i can always see the father nearby or helping in the delivery process, maybe even being one of the first to see the baby. In the Niger I guess the men see it as a totally female role until he can be used as labor, common in more underdeveloped communities.
  • placenta.
  • 16 Share
  • Niger is rated the world's poorest country by the UN. Around 14% of its under-fives are significantly malnourished (and in the aftermath of last year's crop shortage and in the face of another shortfall this year, that figure could soon be much worse). Less than half its population has access to safe water.
    • Devon Meredith
       
      I think that this whole passage is another reminder of how great our country is. Although our country has issues deciding welfare and we aren't usually thought of to be given as many free benefits as a third world country, when you go to a hospital you are guaranteed cleanliness, proper medicine, and also a higher percentage that you and your baby will survive the birthing process. I think this in itself is just another obvious reason why the United States of America is such a great place to live and the opportunity to take advantage of all these great services. 
  • But there is more to the horrors of Zinder. Many of the women who come here will have travelled long distances, often in agony, to reach the hospital
    • jeffrey hernandez
       
      transportation is a serious issue for the many who dont have access to medical services, a mobile heath service should be developed so everyone can receive proper care  
    • Kevin Olive
       
      This does not surprise me at all. I do not expect many nations in Africa to have great health care systems. It shows that some people are just less fortunate due to their surroundings and resources.
    • Edmund Garrett
       
      It is  simply a difference in resources and medical expertise. Sweden has more money and an intricate health care system. It not only is the best country to give birth, it also has declining mortality rates and a large elderly population.
    • Ryan Hamilton
       
      This highlights the global inequality between countries such as Niger and Sweden. And it is sad because unless there is some sort of outside help Niger is stuck in a kind of loop. Child birth will always be hard and more dangerous in a country like that unless update their infrastructure, which is almost impossible because of the lack of money. If you scale this down and look at singular countries we have the same types of inequality problems that we see on a world scale. Many times low income families are left with fewer opportunities just as poor countries are. It is unrealistic for first world countries to pour money into everything from infrastructure, education and medicine, but since our world is becoming smaller and smaller maybe it would be advantageous to help in at least one area. 
    • Sean McCarthy
       
      I agree with this point. This problem reminds me of the saying that you can give a man to fish and he can eat for one day, or you can teach the man to fish and he will always have food. there is a massive, widespread problem in Niger, as well as many other 'third world countries' that can't be fixed just by other governments supplying infrastructure or things of that nature. A widespread societal change is really necessary, but as to the best way to do that, that remains the question.
  • Dahara's husband has not been involved in the birth and is unlikely to play a big role in the early weeks with the baby
    • khampton44
       
      If the woman had just given birth then she will be tired and not fully healed especially if she did get all the medical help she would have needed during the birth. She needs her husband's help so much right now and the fact that he is not helping and he's not expected to help is really just sad and could be part of the reason the children are not getting enough at a young age.
    • Edmund Garrett
       
      Considering that women in Niger are materially disadvantaged, I wonder what one does for a means of entertainment? Maybe this would lead to a more births? (or at least combined with the lack of contraceptives)
    • Erick Sandoval
       
      Even though we are living on the same planet, ther are people who live on both sides of the spectrum, whether it be a healthy and sanitary life, or a filthy, hopeless one.
    • Karina DaSilva
       
      I think this really highlights the difference between privileged society and those who are not so privileged. The fact that there is both physical and cultural limitations placed on these women makes me wonder if this plays a direct role in their state. Not that it has to do with all of it of course, but it might be an important factor.  Either way, comparing the situations between Sweden and Niger, it really does make one think whether what is going on in Niger could be considered an extreme of how bias can have an indirect on the welfare of its people (example: women are often illiterate, yet there is a call for more educated midwives)
  • What is needed now is an emphasis on preventing deaths in babies, especially those in the early days and weeks of life.
    • Brandon White
       
      We can introduce as many medical technologies as possible, but what is really needed is a fundamental change in the thought of the mothers of Niger. In such a rural area, this is obviously not easy.  How can policy makers with an eye on international health make a shift towards prenatal and postnatal emphasis on health? In a country with isolated pockets of civilization are present, it is not possible to introduce a hospital or medical center that is in a convenient location for all mothers. This obviously creates an inherent inequality in these mother's ability to give birth to healthy children. The most that we can do is focus on education: As in, teaching these women the importance of vaccinations and sticking to a specific health-based regime.  We far too often underestimate the important of education on even items that, to us, seem to be common sense. Every culture is naive to certain aspects of other culture. And as strange as it sounds, it is worthwhile to try to make a fundamental changed in Nigerian culture to try emphasize health. 
  • Carmen's chance of dying as a result of childbirth over her lifetime is one in 29,800 (Dahara's, remember, was just one in seven). The risk of Tess dying in her first year is one in 333. In Sweden, 100% of births are attended by a skilled, trained midwife.
    • Kelsey Fratello
       
      The dramatic difference of these statistics is really sad. Losing a child is one of the hardest things things a parent has to go through. I personally know someone who lost a baby who was only 6 months old; the parents were so heart-broken for so long. In Niger, the mothers, as the fathers don't seem to be around during this time, have to go through this all the time. This is so depressing. 
    • Phillip Delgado
       
      All though the thirty eight year old woman has a great chance of having a healthy baby, a hundred years ago she most likely wouldn't have survived. It is amazing what modern medicine can do. 
  • Dahara pushes, pain creasing her sweating face, and then pushes again - and suddenly between her legs there is a little boy with the walnut features of newborns everywhere, and a mop of damp, dark hair. Insa gives a delighted squeal, but Dahara is still silent: as her baby is wrapped in a cloth, she turn
    • mgarciag
       
      I think that it is amazing that there is so much of a difference in medical care between countries such as Niger and Sweden.  It's like they are from a time hundreds of years before.  
  • Death is a real possibility for women who get into difficulties giving birth in Fardun Sofo: Zeinabou Abdou, the village's traditional birth attendant, has years of experience but no drugs and no equipment except for a packet of razor blades for cutting the umbilical cord.
    • Hayley Jensen
       
      I think this is a great example of how public policy implications in America can differ so greatly from those internationally. Sometimes it's hard for the American population to keep that in mind when getting up in arms about current issues in our society.
    • Shannon Wirawan
       
      This was a really interesting article. From the start of the Nigerian silence birth to reading about the wealthy living of Sweden, it really did hit me that this is actually happening around the world. It made me put a lot of things in perspective. This article was really interesting to me, because it showcased the extremes of child birth from two very different countries. Not only did this article make me kind of depressed, it also made me think about everything I have now.
  • Where Uppsala's hospital is white, clean, spacious and calm, Zinder's is dirty, cramped and chaotic. The corridors are crammed with dusty, ancient-looking equipment. There are open bins and swarms of flies in the quadrangle, and cats roam free. The paint is peeling, there is no air conditioning despite temperatures of 40C and more,
    • Amanda Garcia
       
      This is a nightmare. The state in which they are made to give life invites nothing but misery and the fear of death. The equipment and care (or lack thereof) that they are provided with is appalling. The entire process is terrifyingly dangerous; no human being should be made to accept these conditions. 
  • Because this boy is the fifth child Dahara has pushed into the world and of the others, only one is still alive.
    • Caitlin Fransen
       
      Only one is still alive? wow! did they die at birth or die sometime during there childhood? either way it shows the very poor living conditions are. Do they have a really low life expectancy age? 
  •  
    This lack of care available to Nigerians makes me wonder if they do not value human lives as more developed countries do. The men do not even believe that the women are worth the money to go to even a run-down hospital, and when babies die, it is such a common circumstance that it is not a big deal. Perhaps money is really hard to make in Nigeria, but life is priceless, isn't it?
  • ...2 more comments...
  •  
    Although this article is the sad truth, Niger is one of many countries with very similar beliefs and practices. It may be gut wrenching and very foreign to us; however, that way of life is all they know. A country like that does not change because the country as a whole does not want to change. The old Islamic and cultural traditions countries practice freeze them in history. The people not only are uneducated on the modern way of life, but lack the motivation to seek the knowledge to change their own way of life. That does not dismiss the horror women face in countries like Niger, I feel people from western cultures should do their best to help, but there is only so much the modern world can do to influence an entire way of life.
  •  
    I thought that this article was really interesting about the way that it explained some of the differences between childbirth in a technologically advanced nation and a third world nation. I think that it is unfortunate how some of these children in Niger are being born with the odds not really in their favor, but that is life. These mothers need to be more aware of what may happen to them or their children and you would think that maybe they would try to find a better site before they started the birthing process. I also thought that it was interesting how in the article, it explained how that in Sweden the health care is free, but what I would like to know is how do they get free health care because nothing in life comes free, someone is always picking up the tab.
  •  
    Global equity is an impossibility. This idea that Nigerian infants "deserve" the same degree of pre/post-natal care is unrealistic. Proficient medical care is essentially a luxury not a basic human right. The situation in Niger is horrific but unfortunately it's a grim fact that life simply isn't fair. Their are numerous problems in Niger and other third world countries that contribute to the poor quality of life and we (The U.S and/or philanthropic individuals) can not rectify all these problems nor is it our responsibility. I realize this sounds cold and unfeeling but I do not mean it that way.
  •  
    It is interesting knowing how different cultures and religions are comparing to ours. I was shocked reading that in Niger woman while having a baby don't make any noises. They suffer in pain and go through with it. Now a days in the hospitals besides getting pain killers and medicine the woman is free to complain and yell and do everything just o have a baby. America is a liberal country. In the poor countries woman usually get pregnant at a young age (15 or 16) and most of the people are not ready to be a parent for more then one child, but even for only one. It is a great responsibility and time consuming. I understand that there is only a 4% that people use contraception but the risk is high and it is not a joke to bring another human being to life. it must be difficult for Dahara seeing that her kids that she had before died and that the one that she has might or might not die. It must be a worse feeling loosing "your" human being or also aborting. I also found interesting the tradition that men don't play role in the in their child's life, they keep their distances. I would never want my husband to do that and my child to grow up without a male figure that will teach him/her new things, experiences. Another interesting fact that you can only get blood from relatives in the hospital if someone is dying or is sick and needs new blood. A good aspect that they have put in Niger is "Save the Children" which is where they take away health fees and therefore more poor people have a better chance of surviving. I agree on that the countries needs more trained midwives, well-equipped antenatal clinics to improve lives in these countries. Niger just needs help from richer countries because it is not a safe place and it is not a place to grow up a child. At the end of the article there is written "Ces't le vie", (it's life), like if it was normal that new born babies have to die from these mal treatments and diseases that in other countries could
Andrew Rothans

Science of Persuasion in the Courtroom Questions Nancy Camarillo - 23 views

Politicians do use persuasive tactics all the time to try to persuade a certain group of people. I dont believe it is unethical to persuade others, the politicians are just trying to give a certain...

Ryan Brown

Post Positive Policy - 1 views

This is the quote I want to note on..."Second, there is an issue of legitimation that relates to the intrinsic value of democracy. As deliberative democrats (Cohen, 1989, among many others) now poi...

started by Ryan Brown on 30 Nov 11 no follow-up yet
Sarah McKee

HOW TO CHEAT AT EVERYTHING | More Intelligent Life - 5 views

  • A con man is essentially a salesman--a remarkably good one--who excels at making people feel special and understood. A con man validates the victim's desire to believe he has an edge on other people.
    • Joette Carini
       
      My question for this article was based off of this quote-- I think that a con man is simply someone who is a master of manipulation. This is a good thing sometimes and a bad thing at others, but conning is simply about making people feel like you really know them and then manipulating them. Do you think that this is something that just anyone can do?
    • Matt Nolan
       
      The best way to con someone is to make sure they feel comfortable with and feel like they can trust you like Joette stated. You could also say that someone who is a good con is also a good salesperson, because they want you to you buy into their ideas and beliefs. No, i do not believe everyone can be a con some people are blessed with gifts and some people are blessed with being a con. Being a con artist is frowned upon yet it is still a gift to be able to make people believe anything you want.
    • Kaitlyn Guilbeaux
       
      Perhaps everyone has the potential to be a con. Anyone could be taught the techniques of how to manipulate people. However, I do believe that some people are naturally better at it than others because they were born with certain traits; charismatic, a good lyer, etc.
    • Felecia Russell
       
      Well this is true. To be a con man, one has to be without compassion, because if he/she has compassion, they wont be able to do their job. It is a little thing called onscience, and that is essentially what a con man does not have. They are not concerned with consequences for the victim, ultimately, it is just a profit for their self benefit.
    • Jonathan Omokawa
       
      I don't think that everyone is cut out to be a con man. There are certain character aspects of con men or grifters that make them so good at what they do. There is no doubt, that you can train to be a grifter, but you will lack the "talent" of someone with that natural ability. The question in my opinion is asking if anyone could be a used car salesman. The general belief is that used car salesmen are some of the best con men because they are able to sell a POS. So by that logic, I would say that no, not everyone can be a con man.
    • Valencia Hamilto
       
      Yes I do believe that conning is a task that just about anyone can do. Some maybe naturally better at conning than others but it is a task anyone can do. It just takes the effort to learn all the techniques of a con artist. It is a job in itself that tasks patience, time, and the will to manipulate people. You have to know how to be charismatic polite and convincing while being deceitful at the same time. Once you are able to master those skills you can become a con artist.
    • Xochitl Cruz
       
      In order to be a con man I think first of all, you have to be able to speak and "woo" people. If people naturally gravitate towards you it is part of your personality, because it radiates to others around you. So a con man uses this to his.her advantage to manipulate others.
    • steve santos
       
      Readily yes I do think charisma is the how to cheat at everything card that just about anyone can play. Understanding the stakes that other people have in things is the key to see that the way we think is often in relation to where we come from and where we have been raised. Often times what you say or the way you say it is what draws the line between knowing something, questioning it and empathizing with it. Often times people will want all the above at different times. Putting things up to a notion of pure faith that the right people will come into your life at the right time is a beautiful religious notion for those that believe it but for me my ace in the hole against that argument is free will. Predestination makes will invalid so I believe that in reacting to the reactions of people to gain favored results is the true con man way of thinking. Make people feel the way you want to gain the desired results from them. If one carries themselves in that sense than they play the blank slate card where people jump into the sense of reliance in this person that they are the canvas they can emulate deep personal feelings with drawing the connection the con man or woman can act upon
    • Ryan Brown
       
      I would love to have not only the swagger and abilities of a con man but the confidence that comes with being able to have that big of an impact on people. Though i might use those abilites for something a little more benefical to society, i am in complete admiration for their skills. This article was interesting! I couldnt believe that someone who can manipulte people that well for that long can all of a sudden have a moment where they realize all the harm they have done to people. I can barely tell a lie.
    • anonymous
       
      Charisma is a very large factor in the successes and talents of con men. Charismatic people can essentially get people to do anything for them with little to nothing in return, and the art of charisma is sometimes difficult to master. Con men are naturally very stealthy and smart with their time and investments, and much is required from them in terms of a constant rapport to upkeep their status and position.
  • It's an amazing paradox--a con man has incredible emotional insight, but without the burden of compassion.
    • Gaby Ramirez Castorena
       
      is compassion really a burden?
    • Eric Arbuckle
       
      It is if you want to be a con man, so the article says..
    • Xochitl Cruz
       
      I interpreted this quote as it would be used for politics. In order to come to an agreement for policies and laws, morality has to be set aside. Once morality and emotions are involved the decision is biased due to the comprimising situation one is now in. So in order to be good at a job, in this case a con man, he has to exclude compassion or else guilt will override his decision to con anyone.
    • tania markussen
       
      From a political perspective it is very helpful, and maybe necessary, to be able to detach your own feelings when making laws, policies, etc. because there will almost always be a "loser" and if every politician walked around and felt truly and deeply sorry about everything, nothing would really go forward. But, feelings aside, they can show compassion and try to make the best decision for the society as a whole.
    • Sarah McKee
       
      I think that not having compassion would be a burden. Sure, they can do their work well, whether it be conning someone or making laws and policies but without compassion you'll only really be good at your job. You won't be able to connect with people because you won't have compassion for anyone. Maybe the world needs people without compassion to make laws and policies but I don't think it's necessary. Compassion can be helpful when making decisions that affect lots of people.
  • "If you feel sorry you are dead in the water," he warns.
    • Gaby Ramirez Castorena
       
      is it possible that these con-men actually have some kind of psychological problems? naturally humans "inherit" this feeling of compassion, just like morals, and to be able to completely disengage with something like caring about people and the damage you do to them, that's something very worthy to take note of.
    • Sarah McKee
       
      But he still had compassion. It just took him a while to realize it. So maybe they do have some psychological problems or something that blocks that compassion, that guilty feeling but at least in this case eventually the human nature to feel guilt and compassion appeared.
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • "You must have an encyclopaedic knowledge of odd bits of trivia and use these facts to win people over. "
    • Eric Arbuckle
       
      Doesn't everyone wish they had encyclopaedic knowledge?
    • nsamuelian
       
      Eric's exact thoughts were what went through my mind reading this. I feel like it is a unique gift to "win people over" through these means
    • Mike Frieda
       
      I would love this as well. I was thinking how an encyclopedic knowledge effects framing, and I feel as if having access to a vast array of information allows you to most accurately bring your audience to the desired side of your issue. If you know all the information about your audience, this was gone over in the film, you could more easily prime them to see only one side of your policy issue. 
    • magen sanders
       
      this made me laugh out loud. the fact that people, because of their own ignorance, laugh at those who getted tricked and conned and think they are in on the whole scheme when in reality they are just as ignorant if not more ignorant because they are so diluted with the idea that they arent among the the tricked.in turn it seems that they are actually conning themselves into thinking they are in on it all.
    • Sarah McKee
       
      It's funny yes, but mostly I just find it sad. The ease at which people can be conned. I mean, if placed in the shoes of one of these people, would all of us really be able to see through the con?
    • Mark Drach-Meinel
       
      It's funny how even a simple act of reverse psychology can work so well if used correctly.
  • "I could sell shit at an anti-scat party," he says, "you have to figure out someone's wants and needs and convince them what you have will fill their emotional void."
    • Melissa Moreno
       
      I read the same concept in Aristophanes' play Knights, and the theme was the same. One of the characters is a sausage seller in Ancient times, which is as close to selling poop as you can get. It is truly an art and takes a special kind of person to read a person and be able to make them believe they need something. The play is a political satire and it is a very appropriate take on public policy and politics in general. As a politician you have to be able to figure out what you are going to have to do to be the best and win, and further your agenda. 
  • He must take an intense interest in other people, complete strangers, and work to understand them, yet remain detached and uninvested. That the plan is to cheat these people and ultimately confirm many of their fears cannot be of concern.
    • Nancy Camarillo
       
      Although in this article is speaking to the techniques of a con man, the same characteristics can be used for anyone who wants to influence another or a group of individuals to believe or accept something that will benefit them. Perfect example is when presidential candidates promise the world to "the polis". They are merely working to understand them,"showing them" that they can put there fears at ease in order to gain their vote. The ability to persuade others give one the ability to influence decision making.  
  • Once, when he visited a victim the day after to "apologise", he found the man crying about his mortgage, wife and kids.
    • Nancy Camarillo
       
      In order to be successful at "conning" individuals you must be emotionally detached, this gives you the ability to excel because you do not see the repercussions of the damaged you have caused or can cause. Being indifferent is key, being aware of the consequences leads to the guilt that can ultimately stop one for continuing in this act as we saw with Mr. Lovell. 
    • Bethany Petersen
       
      It is interesting to see how Mr. Lovell justifies his acts to himself.  He feels that by returning the money that he (in a sense) stole, he no longer has to feel guilty for his actions, even though it was only a small portion of what he took.  While this is a weakness it seems to also be a strength- as long as he no longer feels sorry he will not be "dead in the water".
    • Bethany Petersen
       
      Although Mr. Lovell will not admit it, his actions suggest that he feels guilty.  This shows another aspect of conning- he is constantly on-edge.  Even though he is in a sense "retired", he is still afraid of being "dead in the water"
  • interest he takes in others.
    • Sarah McKee
       
      Did he start with a general interest in people and turn that into a con or did he learn to be interested in people to enhance his cons?
  •  
    I guess with practice, anyone can achieve this, yet some people may have a more natural ability to be able to con than others. Conning can be considered a trade skill just like a carpenter etc. because it is effectively useful in the sales industry. Therefore, it can easily be considered a learned skill. While this may be true, I definitely do not agree with the actual act of conning because it is deceptive and the victim normally does not receive 100% accurate information.
Mangala Kanayson

Question on "How to Cheat at Everything" - 18 views

No more than a parent cons a child into good behavior so Santa will bring the child gifts. People con each other all the time, especially on dates and in business settings. We only seem to call it...

framing heuristics cheat

Valencia Hamilto

Iweala, U. (2008) Stop Trying to 'Save' Africa-- washingtonpost.com - 13 views

The problem with this topic is that people generalize Africa as a country and not a continent. Africa is made up of many different countries and not all of them are suffering from poverty. People q...

question Africa

Eric Arbuckle

Reconsiderations: John Rawls and Our Plural Nation - June 11, 2008 - The New York Sun - 6 views

shared by Eric Arbuckle on 10 Sep 11 - Cached
    • magen sanders
       
      though our country was based on freedom and equality this was set forth by white male protestant land owners. there can be a mutual respect when everyone can be objective about our country's greater good and what we need to do to accomplish that. but until then the reciprocity with batttle with the judgments of religion
  • Instead, they will constitute a realm of overlap among all the "comprehensive doctrines" in the envisaged society — at least all those that are "reasonable," by which Rawls means willing to respect the equal dignity of all citizens.
    • Tavish Dunn
       
      This refers to the idea of a universal moral grammar, where people have ideas about whether or not certain things are moral that exist across cultural and religious differences.
    • steve santos
       
      Whats interestring about the notion of a universal moral grammar is that it counter defines itself in a sense in that it is the notion that all societal and religious spheres of communal influence have a certain basis for conduct where it is not defined what it is that often connects them in that there is said to be a "right" way to go about looking at an issue when often times the double entendre in these comparisons of ideals that point out there is an appeal to both when there isn't a basis for a common ground to fulfill the obligations of one ideal fully to the expense of the other. an essential mutual agreement to disagree for the sake of being right over the other. for much conduct to be justifiable or condemnable
    • Gaby Ramirez Castorena
       
      while a governed people that is divided by differences in religion may bring the belief of an impossible stable and just society, i believe that it is possible. At the end of the day, how is this any different from divisions in political parties such as Democrats and Republicans? while issues do arise from these political differences, the country remains overall stable and just, so religion shouldn't prove to be all too different.
    • Sarah McKee
       
      Really all that it requires, like he said, is a positive starting point. If we believe it is possible than we can make it so.
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • "[H]ow is it possible for there to exist over time a just and stable society of free and equal citizens who remain profoundly divided by reasonable religious, philosophical, and moral doctrines?"
    • John Buchanan
       
      I think for this to succeed - as it has in the United States for almost 250 years - feelings pertaining to nationalism, pride, and loyalty must precede those related to religiously held beliefs.
    • Jonathan Omokawa
       
      I do like the question posed in this quote because it is a question that really reaches to the core of our culture. I think that justice must precede all religiously held beliefs and feelings. Too many of our political choices are based on feelings, and for the country to run, it must be based on firmer understandings than feelings. Just because we feel that something is wrong, doesn't make it wrong. I guess on the same note, we can analyze what justice is. Is justice based on the feeling of equality ie. An eye for an eye?
  • many Americans began to worry that religious pressures were slowly distorting American institutions.
    • Sarah McKee
       
      Well even with the intent of having church and state be separate it's pretty impossible.
  • largely amoral and self-centered
    • Sarah McKee
       
      The Hobbes view on life.
    • alyssa Scheer
       
      although it would be nice to have an unbiased position in politics, there is no way however to have someone not know their wealth, class, race, or gender or anything listed. therefore i think his theory is extremely flawed 
    • Joshua Gray
       
      I don't believe the idea of politics in a republic or democracy is to come into an argument unbiased nor should it be. However, you should be able to debate theories and ideas with an open mind. Not criticizing others for what they chose to believe. The whole point of our government system is to have citizens come together and vote for a candidate who they belive will best handle their issues. Part of politics is attempting to get the government what you think would be best for you and hopefully sometimes your peers.
    • steve santos
       
      in this statement alone it shows the constructs for society in the sense that past the foundation of a sphere of thought can arise a newer notion and connection of old world ideals to the development and spread of them in the existential realm of modern society from faith basis to that of the developmental acceptance of multiple doctrines of thought
    • Amanda Power
       
      they have right to, expecially since a greater number of people beleiving in one common thing vote a certain way and thus laws that have a religious basis are passed.
    • Mike Frieda
       
      Religious pluralism can survive in a constitutional democracy of course. The question is whether growing fundamentalist installations of these religions, along with a more outspoken secular community, can maintain a peaceful coexistance. Peace might mean non-violence, but could also be seen as a lack of competition for funding, legislation, and protection under the law through otherwise unconstitutional means. 
  • Rawls believed that philosophy's contribution to politics ought to be made in this way. Abstract models of an ideal can be extremely valuable as targets on which to fix our attention, as we try to make the world that way, rather than its current way or some worse way.
    • Eric Arbuckle
       
      "If we ever forget that we are One Nation Under God, then we will be a nation gone under." -Ronald Reagan
  •  
    I feel that in many ways America has accomplished the goal the author discusses, but in many ways this goal needs work. It is almost impossible for this to have any level of success without a separation of church and state, but beyond that, many citizens tend to base their political standpoints on religious beliefs, which creates a complication.
  • ...1 more comment...
  •  
    It is tough to intermix religion with political freedom. In order to be a successful nation, these freedoms must continue to be kept separate.
  •  
    If policy was easy to figure out, there would neither be so many theories on it, nor debate. I believe that it was smart of Rawls to make his ideas abstract because in society, scenarios are constantly changing with the advent of new technologies and ways of living. Different people believe that life has different meanings, and the pursuit of all of them by all people may cause some to get in the way of others. A world in which everyone is able to pursue what their lives' meanings require of them can only exist in theory because it is impossible to satisfy everyone, especially since paradigms are so changeable.
  •  
    In America there always has to be conflicting beliefs in politics, morals, and justice. Rawls has a biased one sided belief in his own views of how America should be run. But that is what makes America so great, Rawls and Nussbaum are certainly permitted to voice their one sided opinion that there is only one way to run the country correctly. Thus, bringing on the far left of the Democratic Party. However, the far right of the Republican Party does the same thing with its own beliefs. Just like anything in life and in politics, there should be a happy medium. There should be a government and system in place that protects the core foundations of America, but brings forth new ideas involving modern times and the diversity of America.
Caitlin Scott

The endowment effect: It’s mine, I tell you | The Economist - 11 views

  • Lo and behold, when they tried the same experiments using bone and rope toys, no endowment effect was seen. Food is vital. Toys are not.
    • Ryan Brown
       
      I think this is a great point of animals in an environment understanding exactly what they need to survive and not stretching their means for what a human would do, trying to obtain many matieral objects when food is crucial.
    • Joshua Gray
       
      Do you think humans in our society would have a similar reaction if they were desparate for food?
    • Kaitlyn Guilbeaux
       
      I absolutely think they would. Humans love food, just like animals. We understand that food is vital. But more than that, humans (especially Americans) have a desire for food. That is why when there is an opportunity to obtain free food, everyone participates
    • Jonathan Omokawa
       
      I agree with Kaitlyn. Animals view food on a way more primitive level because they don't have the access to it that we do. To put it on a human level, it would be like not feeding someone for two weeks and then offering them the choice between a video game and food. Animals don't have the same eating habits that humans do. While we do save for the future, we tend to eat more than necessary for survival which is the amount that animals eat. 
    • elliott reyes
       
      I also agree with Jon your writ bro if i was starving for a couple weeks i would most def. pick food over a game shit anyone would its survival at that point i may even eat the person offering me the food grrrrrrrrrr
  • Their assumption had always been that individuals act to maximise their welfare (the defining characteristic of economic man, or Homo economicus).
    • Felecia Russell
       
      This is the mindset for most people in today's world. Everyone is concerned with maximizing their own welfare; their own good. We value material goods over intrinsic value. Everyone feel as if everything resource or opportunity they have that they deserved it or that they worked for it. Humas are irrational place too much emphasis on value(which is the idea of the endowment effect)!!
    • Joshua Gray
       
      Are you using a figure of speech when you say most people in today's world? Humans are naturally predispositioned to be self-interested and resources are required for survival ergo interest in goods of moentary value
    • Felecia Russell
       
      Im saying majority of humans have this mindset. They are self-interested!
    • steve santos
       
      I agree with that because I would go one further to say that in a generality, everybody lies and is modest to express that notion of sharing the wealth where they would want to maximize it for themselves in the material sense. there are people who inherently want to go out of a whim to do good in spite of this aspect of personalities of western civilization in this day and age but it is a matter of awareness of the circumstances presented to the individual in relation to the market and the polis.
    • laurenneiger
       
      this is extremely true in our society today, people are constantly looking out for only themselves and they are attempting to maximize their own welfare even if it as at the cost of other's.  
  • once someone owns something, he places a higher value on it than he did when he acquired it—an observation first called “the endowment effect” about 28 years ago by Richard Thaler, who these days works at the University of Chicago.
    • nsamuelian
       
      I had never really thought of this concept in this way before. Now that i think about it, i realize that i do this also. when i get something, i automatically, subconsciously increase the value. it's very interesting knowing that i can also relate to it.
    • Joette Carini
       
      This was definitely a good way of starting this article-- by making it relatable. The person who posted before this proved my point, they said that they realize that placing a higher value on something after attaining it. This goes to show how material-based our society is today, everyone is so possessive and truly LOVES their "things," enough to even look at something that they bought and feel any sense of feeling toward it, and in this case, that feeling is respect [for what they got]. 
    • Tavish Dunn
       
      This is an interesting concept. I had never thought of it that way before. I always thought of people viewing ownership in the way of "the grass is always greener", but I can see where I have placed more value on something simply because I came to own it.
    • Mike Frieda
       
      I must agree with the author on this point. In an especially materialistic society, it is difficult not to place a high value onto possessions and it is seemingly only right to do so. My question of this theory stems from whether only materialistic economies would see this behavioral trait take place. Perhaps a better question would be to ask whether or not a capitalist society can avoid being capitalistic and therefore avoid placing increased notions of value onto possessions. 
    • elliott reyes
       
      hell no in this society this is not true at all for example once you by that nice chevy truck from the dealer if you want to trade it in a month after you atleast lose 8 gran if not more i dont believe in this concept at all not a good way to start of the article. People tend to value what they have because thats what they own even if your neighbor had a more exspensive car you will still think your car has higher value and is overall better than theres.
    • Kayla Sawoski
       
      This statement definitely relates to the world we live in today. We are all buying the latest technology or getting the trendiest clothing. The average person will never be satisfied. They will always be wanting more or striving for the next best thing. They will want what "everyone" else has. For example, the iPhone is really popular in today's society. Everybody is going out and buying this product, not just because it is a great piece of art, but because others have it. People today will never be satisfied and will always be wanting more. 
    • Benjamin Chavez II
       
      I agree with this statement.  Because of self pride you place more value on the "thing" you got/bought.  I guess what I'm trying to say is "This is what I got, and it represents me, therefore it has more value".
    • Kevin Olive
       
      For me personally I do not place a higher value on things that I own. I lower the value in my mind. Once i actually own it the item becomes less important to me because i know its mine and I will probably always have the object. The only way the value goes up for me if someone else wants it or wants to take it from me.
  • ...20 more annotations...
    • magen sanders
       
      on the lighter side of things this chocolate and mug experiment shows that no matter what the object is there can always be a certain sentiment about an object where you will hold on to something you dont need rather than trade if for something more useful. personal i would take the chocolate.but i guess that depends on where i got the mug and what is said.
    • Jonathan Omokawa
       
      I think that there is more inherit value in the mug than in the chocolate bar. To keep with the lighter side of this experiment, I really wouldn't trade a free car for a bike. I don't feel that the chocolate bar was an accurate counter object.  I agree with Magen that it would depend on what is said and the circumstances
    • Mangala Kanayson
       
      In a college environment in which both are scarce, a mug has more long-term value than a single chocolate bar.
    • Sarah McKee
       
      Yeah, they aren't really analyzing all of the factors. Even though they may want the chocolate more right then, most people understand that something that will last longer is more valuable. The chocolate will be gone once they eat it but they could have that mug their whole life.
  • The endowment effect has nothing to do with wealth (it is not as if chocolate bars and coffee mugs matter) or transaction costs (in most experiments these are zero). Not even emotional attachment, whatever that means, can really be called in as an explanation, since the effect is both instantaneous and sometimes felt even by those who buy and sell for a living.
    • Nancy Camarillo
       
      This is interesting because it shows how complex individuals can become without a concrete rational explanation. We the mentality that we must give value to our belongs.
    • Alexis Schomer
       
      I think this concept is so interesting. I think the fact that we attach sentimental value to things we own is a big factor. It's really amazing to see the exact same instinct when it comes to other animals as well. 
  • When presented with a choice, 60% of the chimps preferred peanut butter to juice. However, when they were endowed with peanut butter, 80% of them chose to keep it instead of exchanging it for juice. It was as if the peanut butter became more valuable as soon as it was possessed. And an opposite endowment effect was observed when the chimps were given juice.
    • Nancy Camarillo
       
      This just shows, although it was just an experiment, that we do not care the extra amount of effort our choice of value will actually cost us. We have this pride in value that we offer and we strive to "validate" it.
  • surprisingly reluctant to trade a coffee mug they had been given for a bar of chocolate,
    • Amanda Power
       
      i would keep my coffee mug too, but not for the reason in which it means more, but in the sense that it is more useful.
    • Eric Arbuckle
       
      But, an animal other than humans would pick chocolate because it is food. And food is more valuable to them. This is another example of the outcome depending on the situation. Such as, is the person poor? is the person starving and struggling to find food. Or is the person well off enough to not value a candy bar(food source) so high. Now my question is.. would a person that is starving, poor, and in search of food be reluctant to give up an empty coffee mug for a bar of chocolate?
    • Jacqueline Ramsay
       
      I believe a person who is poor and most likely has very few possessions would not let their coffee mug go due to personal reasons. A chocolate bar is temporary pleasure while the possession of the mug may bring a more permament sense of material "wealth."
    • Mike Frieda
       
      I would like to see this experiment done with people of different social classes. I can't see any real reason why someone in a lower financial class would opt to have a Hershey's bar over a mug from a utilitarian perspective. While someone who is starving might opt for the bar, the only other group which would opt for the "temporary pleasure" would be one who has not useful need of a coffee mug, which would be those in the middle class. 
  • All in all, the rational conclusion is that humans are irrational animals.
    • Sarah McKee
       
      Really? It took them discovering this endowment effect to see that humans are irrational? Almost everything we have read so far proves this point. We think actually touching someone and killing them is worse than pulling a lever and killing them. That's pretty irrational and that's just one example from our readings so far.
    • Eric Arbuckle
       
      I was thinking the same thing while reading this whole article.
    • georgenasr
       
      Well I think they were just saying that for conclusion purposes, but I get what your saying. 
    • Finn Sukkestad
       
      I agree this is a pretty obvious conclusion but I not sure it deserves the negative connotation that the article gives it. I think it is  a good thing that we are not purely rational creatures.  Our emotions are what take the place of rational in certain situations and think emotions are a good thing for us to have as emotions are what set our moral standards to a certain point and without them we might live a very different world than the one we enjoy today.
    • Caitlin Fransen
       
      I agree with the first person, our society for the most part believes that actually touching someone to kill them rather than pulling a lever to kill them is worse, our society is very irrational. I think we realize this throughout the article and other articles we have read... they are saying it for conclusion purposes... it is just a cheesy conclusion 
    • John Buchanan
       
      As human beings, I think there is a certain amount of pride and dignity that goes along with owning something.  Yes, it is yours.  But it also represents something that you paid for with your hard earned cash.  I think that's something the free market will always have trouble accounting for; those vague, ambiguous, but incredibly powerful personal human values.
  • “I AM the most offensively possessive man on earth. I do something to things. Let me pick up an ashtray from a dime-store counter, pay for it and put it in my pocket—and it becomes a special kind of ashtray, unlike any on earth, because it’s mine.”
    • Mark Drach-Meinel
       
      While I have not read "The Fountainhead," I have read other works of Ayn Rand and there are very similar themes about individualism and holding value to oneself and one's belongings.
  • uspect the answer is that, in the evolutionary past, giving things up, even when an apparently fair exchange seemed to be on offer, was just too risky.
    • Mike Frieda
       
      I absolutely love this analysis. I am always fascinated by evolutionary explanations for irrational human behavior. 
    • Xochitl Cruz
       
      I think this part is very interesting, because today we are very evolved. To think that there is still a primeval part of the human brain is something to think about. We have differentiated ourselves from animals do to our way of thinking; however, we still have an aspect of that proposing we might not be as advanced or different than we thought from an animal.
    • Cameron Schroeck
       
      Well, genetically, we are less than 1% different than our chimpanzee relatives. Thus, this close relationship on the evolutionary chain made sure not to leave out certain concepts within our minds. As a result, we still feel the need to keep what is ours, what we worked for, what we see as valuable simply because it is ours. 
  • In societies with markets, customers can go elsewhere. But in a small, tribal society there may be no alternative seller. In that case, those who were reluctant to trade might get better prices.
    • khampton44
       
      I think this is an interesting point, after all the comparisons with the chimps we get to see that even as humans it depends on where we live that can affect how we trade.
    • Karina DaSilva
       
      It's true, though. The past continues to shape us, even if we don't notice it. There are "habits" that a species will take up (and sometimes leave behind) for a very long time because of the benefits it gave for a long time. Also, I think there's the issue of sentimentality. Humans can be pretty sentimental creatures, whether they want to be or not, and may place a higher value because of that.
    • Tori Mayeda
       
      i think this is true because i would never go out and just buy anything. i always try to find the best deals. 
  • not prefer coffee mugs
    • georgenasr
       
      I feel like the reason for this is just because the mug probably costs more and in that sense people will value it. But then again, doesn't chocolate provide instant gratification (and repetitive gratification for that matter)? Wouldn't that be more desirable?
  • The endowment effect was controversial for years. The idea that a squishy, irrational bit of human behaviour could affect the cold, clean and rational world of markets was a challenge to neoclassical economists
    • Lauren Dudley
       
      Human beings are obviously irrational... the market wants to see everything in a black white sort of way- humans will base their transactions on their self interests and how they can gain. Not everything can be based on this as humans act with emotion and instinct, what they feel is right in the moment, even if its just that feeling of posession.
    • Edmund Garrett
       
      Pride is part of Human naure, therefore, anything relating to them or back to them will make them have that "little nice feeling inside" which is why the value of the object is higher.
  • who recently had some expensive bottles of wine stolen, observes that he is “now confronted with precisely one of my own experiments: these are bottles I wasn't planning to sell and now I'm going to get a cheque from an insurance company and most of these bottles I will not buy.
    • Lauren Dudley
       
      This is an interesting point as he points out that he wanted to keep the bottles as he was not going to sell them, but then once they were stolen and he received money for them, he would not replace them. I guess if you did deeper into this, you could say he found he was not as attached to them as he thought, or he did not want other ones, he wanted his own.. but who can really say except for Dr. Thaler.
    • Dana Sacca
       
      Getting food is a survival instinct. No one wants to starve to death. So getting and savoring the most filling food is the priority. Toys don't really matter because everyone gets bored of them eventually.
  • That goods and rights such as pollution permits, radio spectrum and mobile-telephone licences do not inexorably flow towards the most efficient distribution worries the legal scholars charged with designing fair allocations.
    • Cameron Schroeck
       
      Those writing and dealing with public policy absolutely cannot expect to give certain allocations to one group and expect it to diffuse out to eventually help society overall. Instead, policy framers must distribute certain endowments accordingly among various groups/organizations with the assumption that nothing is going to sort itself out.
  • The idea that a squishy, irrational bit of human behaviour could affect the cold, clean and rational world of markets was a challenge to neoclassical economists.
    • Alexa Datuin
       
      I think that this concept of holding an object at such value is already interesting in itself. It is a natural tendency for humans to automatically be connected to something that becomes theirs. It's that primal aspect that was from our evolution as human beings. Humans are naturally territorial and are always looking out for their possesions, rather than that of others.
  • Whereas coffee mugs generate an endowment effect, tokens that can be exchanged for coffee mugs do not.
    • Brandon White
       
      This part demonstrates the tactility that we have as humans. It is instinct to want the actual item and not something of equal value to that item. Hard economics would dictate that there should be no difference between the two. You are still getting equal value for an item (albeit in a delayed manner). But we as humans do not want delay.  When we were little and went to Chuck E Cheese, what was the thing we want to get the most? Tickets. We wanted to win the big jackpot and get tickets. But the tickets are not what we valued. It was the (semi)economic possibility that we could turn those tickets into the prize that we all craved. We had no sentimental attachment to the tickets. Every other kid there had them. But when we turned them in for a prize, that prize was ours. No one else had the same exact prize as you. This, truly, is what the article is hinting at: The concept of possession and manipulation of our own self-appointed economic values. 
  • Homo economicus is a rarer species than neoclassical taxonomists would like to believe
    • Sean McCarthy
       
      This article seems to be meant to show us the problems with the Market point of view, but we know all this and Adam Smith knew this. Some government (minimal) is obviously required to sort of keep irrational behavior from slowing the economy
    • Ryan Hamilton
       
      This article kind of reminds me of the TED talk video from a couple weeks ago. We as humans have different attachments to objects that we 'own'. And it is interesting that the tokens did not have the endowment effect, but that just backs up the experiments of the TED video. If we all exchanged goods with money directly or by trading and bartering then maybe that would be the most optimal way to do things, but in our world of capitalism where wall street investors just stare at a screen and are not dealing with the money directly probably do not feel the endowment effect and make risky decisions that cause stuff like the crisis in 2007.
  • evolutionarily beneficial
    • Amanda Garcia
       
      People sometimes forget how much of our human interaction, deliberation, and decision is evolutionarily innate and survivalistic. We act in a constant state of evaluative game theory with each other on a day to day basis. It is congenital for us to think, decide, and act certain ways; we are quite literally biologically inclined to do so. It is and always has been a matter of self-preservation, group preservation, or personal interest preservation within our species, as with any other surviving species. If a collective species fails to do this, as evolutionary history has proved, it eventually ceases to exist. This article is merely tapping into our most primitive explanations for why we do things. What discerns the human species from other species' is our power to reconsider logically, reasonably, and empathetically, and to act upon those considerations while putting aside what may be our more natural inclinations. The main problem I see here is, how then do you argue and reason with a mental process that has been in the making for millions of years? 
    • Caitlin Scott
       
      That is a great point.  I don't think you can make an argument for it and I really don't think anyone can change that.  If we are rational and irrational at the same time then not one person could agree with another on how to actually change that, or even if they believed in the existence of this thought process among humans.
  • The value someone puts on something should not, therefore, depend on whether he actually owns it.
    • jeffrey hernandez
       
       i agree with this statement because majority of society is always trying to find ways to maximize their well beings
  •  
    I agree with Felecia's comment that that's how the majority of people's mindset is in today's world. People have developed a type of personality where they are hoarders. They will hold on to everything they have because they feel like they deserve it and no one else can have it, no matter the price others are willing to pay.
  • ...2 more comments...
  •  
    I agree with Valencia. In today's competitive-natured world, people tend to take anything they can because they can. In many cases, these needs may be unnecessary, however they will be taken in fear of someone else taking them first.
  •  
    In a lot of cases I think people (I can't account for the chimps) make value judgments on the things in their possession. I for one would rather keep the mug because I know that I can get a lot of use out of it for some time to come. If I kept and ate the chocolate it is a one time flash in the pan deal and once it's gone it's gone. Though I'm sure the endowment effect manifests itself in human nature I don't think that I value things, save for those that I have a sentimental attachment to, simply because it is mine but rather because I assign a personal sense of value to it.
  •  
    Food is important and vital. But people can adapt, like animals, and get used of new foods that they can find. People and animals for whatever food you will give them they will take advantage of it and eat it. Everyone will always have favorites and will choose their favorite if they had to choose between two foods. In this case the chimps preferred the peanut butter instead of the juices. I found interesting reading that people and animals prefer food instead of toys. How they say: "Food is vital. Toys are not". I agree on food being more important for humans instead of toys, but what for a baby's prospective? Will they choose food over their favorite toy?
  •  
    #1gina Hogrefe 6 minutes ago - Edit - Delete   "The endowment effect" is an interesting concept. Reluctant to trade our coffee mugs for chocolate is the moral of the story. That and that human animals are irrational which confirms that the value we put on things may be just as unreasonable as well. Can the objective of the article be that humans are even more like our chimp relatives than we previously thought?
Mangala Kanayson

Questions on Chart Wars: The Political Power of Data Visualization - 16 views

I think if your argument is strong enough, you should not have to fool people into believing your opinion. I don't agree that prevalence of a thing equals morality. If I could not convince anyone o...

Matt Nolan

Questions: The Story of Power (2:45 class) - 31 views

The people that gain power are either those who have the drive and the heart to become successful people, and who are willing to make sacrifices in order to become successful. The other type of peo...

Andrew Rothans

Discussion Questions for Friday - 15 views

I believe violence will reduce and crime rates will go down, as they have been in the past years. I do not believe we will become savages one day we will always have our morals and never relapse t...

Amanda Garcia

The Road to Serfdom - Readers Digest, April 1945 Condensation - 7 views

  • in the democracies the majority of people still believe that socialism and freedom can be combined.
    • Finn Sukkestad
       
      I understand the connection he is trying to make between slavery and socialism but which is better or easier and less expensive for a government to run? I think that our "free democracy" is just a cheaper version of slavery which according the the article is one and the same as socialism.  I feel like our government has found that efficiency point where people here are paid just enough to do what we want them to without having to actually care about the well being of the workers.  Think about what it took for an american slave owner to keep his or her slave working.  They had to make sure that the slave had a place to sleep, cloths, enough food to make sure they could do all the work they were asked to to.  Today nobody worries about how their gardner or house cleaning is living, they pay them just enought to do teh work you asked and then they go back to wherever they can afford to live and eat what they can with the small amount of money they made from cleaning or mowing as many houses and lawns as the time in one day would let them.  I am not saying that I am pro slavery I am just asking the question, which one provides more for the work?
  • we should in fact unwittingly produce the very opposite of what we have been striving for?
    • Kayla Sawoski
       
      Why would we want to produce the very opposite of what we have been striving for? Wouldn't we want what we have been working each and everyday for? Wouldn't we want what's best for us and not the complete opposite?
    • Dana Sacca
       
      This also relates to "history repeats itself". I agree with the above. We are striving so hard to get to the oposite that we end up doing precisely what we didn't want to do.
    • Dana Sacca
       
      Basically like Oedipus Rex
    • khampton44
       
      I think the "history repeats itself"  idea is spot on for what he was trying to say. And above that as well why would we producing the very opposite of what we have been striving for it does not fit in the grand scheme of things.
    • Luke Gheta
       
      I agree that " history repeats itself". However, Kayla sawoski has a point about production, why would we go backwards.The problem was not the economy. It was fear. Fear was the main factor that lead to the production of this book(article). I simply do not find Friedrich's logic plausible. Clearly he has underestimated the United States ideology views towards a free economy. The United States is unifted as a nation based on princles of "Free Marktet based economy". He has underestimated the secular purpose of America and market exchange.
  • Our generation has forgotten that the system of private property is the most important guarantee of freedom. It is only because the control of the means of production is divided among many people acting independently that we as individuals can decide what to do with ourselves.
    • Kayla Sawoski
       
      Having our own private area where we can go and express ourselves is very important. Humans need a place where we can be free to do as we please in the privacy of our own homes without society watching our every move. A means of privacy is very important to have generated in our government. 
    • Alexis Schomer
       
      we sort of contradict this idea of private property because we invite people to come onto our property a lot of the time. For example, if you have a party you are inviting people you don't even know onto your property. There is no such thing as absolute privacy as the police have the ability to come into your home with a court order. There are ways around and reasons for everything.
    • Devon Meredith
       
      I think this is true. I believe our generation is to worried about the means of freedom that we don't have that we forget the majority things that we do have. Private property is definitely one of the most important guarantees considering we are able to have our own home and everything we want belong in it without government interfering. 
    • Justina Cooney
       
      I agree with this statement. I think that our generation has forgotten the guarantee of freedom through private property because we live in a time where government tells us where we can build, what we can build and when we can build. The government also has the power to take away our property. When I was growing up I saw this first hand when many of my neighbors were forced out of their homes so that government buildings could be put up. Yes, they were compensated but they freedom of private property was taken from them.
    • Tori Mayeda
       
      i agree with both of these statements. I believe that it is important to have privacy generated in our government, but i also agree that it's not entirely true. 
    • Karina DaSilva
       
      I think the line between privacy and public property has become very blurred in today's age. Not only that but I also agree with Alexis in that there no such thing as absolute privacy, except maybe in our own minds. Especially with the emergence of technology such as the internet and computers; whatever we do on there, there are people who could probably access it, no matter how cryptic or private we make it.
    • Carissa Faulk
       
      The private property issue is a tough one, especially when it comes to whether or not the government has the right to tell someone they have to sell their house/business for the sake of city planning. On one end, there is something incredibly unjust about telling someone they MUST sell their property for whatever you are going to offer them, and they can take the compensation or leave it, but either way they loose their property. This seems like a flagrant violation of their right to property. But at the same time, the government has an obligation to do what is best for the city, and if something needs to be built for the good of all, then I understand why they would feel like they have a right to make someone leave their home. But does the fact that it is for the "common good" make it ok to violate someone's constitutional rights? In this case, I would say no, but it is an interesting dilemma.
    • chelseaedgerley
       
      strong statement and so relevant. freedom is questioned all together not only with private property
  • ...18 more annotations...
  • When all the means of production are vested in a single hand, whether it be nominally that of "society" as a whole or that of a dictator, whoever exercises this control has complete power over us.
    • Lauren Dudley
       
      This statement after the private property statement above is important as people need private property in order to make decisions that are best for themselves, individually. If all the power is put into society as a whole, then some poeple will not be happy as the power rests with "society" or a single person. Individuals need to have the chance to conduct their own business and to be free, so that society as individuals have power over themselves and not be forced into something that they do not want. They might have to go along though as they are dependent on the powerful for their economic wellness in society.
    • Dana Sacca
       
      Also when power is put into the hands of society there seems to be a chaos factor that grows. Yes, we need our privacy, but we also need governemnt regulation to keep complete chaos from happening.
    • Ashley Mehrens
       
      Going off what Lauren said, that society needs a chance to have power. This sounds a lot like what we talked about last class in that the powerful people are powerful because they can manipulate society into believing they have a chance but really the fate is already planned out. But as long as society believes they have an option chaos will not break out. 
  • Yet socialism was early recognized by many thinkers as the gravest threat to freedom
    • Lauren Dudley
       
      I find this to be true as socialism puts the power of individuals into the hands of "society" or one individual, which takes away each individual's freedom to decide what they want to do personally and that means each individual loses their freedom to advance in the world (as they choose what they want for themselves and not society as a whole), instead of being at the same level as everyone else of that society.
    • Courtney Sabile
       
      I agree, socialism would be a grave threat to freedom. It gives away an individual's right to be free and weaken the power of the people.
    • Kim H
       
      A lot of the people around me who are against Obama like to claim that he is a socialist, and they say it like its a bad word. What they are really saying is that they feel as though he is threatening their freedoms.  After reading this article, I can see what they mean, but that doesn't mean that I agree with them.
  • Now it was made to mean freedom from necessity, the old demand for a redistribution of wealth.
    • Lauren Dudley
       
      So basically socialism is aiming at taking away the freedom of the people to act as individuals by trying to get to them by taking care of their financial needs. The socialism idea may seem nice right then and there because it provides a sense of security, but the freedom taken away by not being able to decide how to deal with your private property in the long run, in my opinion, is a bigger deal than that sense of security for now.
  • They do not realize that to strive for socialism produces something utterly different - the very destruction of freedom itself.
    • Cameron Schroeck
       
      This is interesting how the very society you try to improve is actually harmed when societies advance toward socialism. This can relate to the everlasting desire to improve and/or change our societies. However, when an advancement to socialism is made, society is harmed by the increasing lack of liberty. You think people would realize the harm that they are bringing to themselves. Perhaps they are too blinded by their negative connotations of other societies that socialism seems appealing since it differs from most other governments. 
    • Kelsey Fratello
       
      I think that most people are unaware of this fact and it should be made know. Most people want to have the most freedom that they can, however, they think they can have socialism as well. If people were to be shown the effects that socialism has and how it indeed destroys freedom, then people would start to have different views of the subject. 
  • "Friedrich Hayek has written one of the most important books of our generation."
    • Caitlin Fransen
       
      its funny how the two quotes about the book differ so greatly. at first it is called "sad and angry little book" but then 4 days later by the same newspaper, but different writers said "Friedrich Hayek has written one of the most important books of our generation" its amazing how the second review cause the book to sell so many more copies 
    • Sarah Marroquin
       
      I agree, public media usually changes it's mind and once it does, the general public agrees too.
    • Kevin Olive
       
      I wonder if anyone noticed the sudden change of opinion from the New York Times? Isn't there some kind of editor to prevent stuff like that from happening?  
    • Shannon Wirawan
       
      I agree with Sarah and Caitlin. The general public are like lemmings. They can't really think on their own until someone says otherwise. And I think that is one of the problems we have today in society as well. No one really knows what is going on because they follow what they hear over and over again, as each opinion changes. 
  • "One of the Most Important Books of Our Generation."
  • while democracy seeks equality in liberty, socialism seeks equality in restraint and servitude."
    • jeffrey hernandez
       
      Its interesting to me that people could find socialism a good idea when in comparison with democracy. Just this line makes me nervous to be in a socialist country.  
    • Meghann Ellis
       
      This sentence strikes me as odd because they consider both democracy and socialism to be seeking equality just in different ways. Democracy is clearly seeking freedom and socialism seeking power and control. It is interesting to think that they both seek equality among there people where in reality is socialism really producing equality?
  • the book eventually sold at least 230,000 copies in the U.S. Hayek went on a U.S. lecture tour, including prestigious places like Harvard University, and he decided he rather liked being a lightning rod for freedom.
    • Tatiana McCuaig
       
      This goes back to what Caitlin said about how the book changed from being widely unknown, to doing a complete 180 and becoming highly popular and getting such high attention from places such as Harvard University. Hayek also decided that he would use his publicity to not only his advantage, but the advantage of others.
  • Democratic assemblies cannot function as planning agencies. They cannot produce agreement on everything - the whole direction of the resources of the nation. The number of possible courses of action will be legion. Even if a congress could, by proceeding step by step and compromising at each point, agree on some scheme, it would certainly in the end satisfy nobody.
    • Brandon White
       
      It's quite crazy how relevant this passage is to our modern congress in the United States. I think it is quite apparent that our current congress has not been working towards maximum efficiency. Congress has reached a point where one own's political party has become far too polarizing.  But can congress truly work as a planning agency? Not all congressional histories have been wrought with inefficiency. As the Civil Rights Bill of the 1960s and the surplus of the 1990s demonstrate, congress does have the distinct power to work in way that can produce a common good for all Americans. I still believe in the democratic system. I still feel that, given the right circumstance, our congressional system can produce a level of good for the American people. Its not the system that's broken. Its the politicians that refuse to compromise that is harming us. 
  • it would certainly in the end satisfy nobody
    • Benjamin Chavez II
       
      Not only would it not satisfy anybody but it would also require a lot of transaction costs.  It would simply be a waste of time.
  • by concentrating power so that it can be used in the service of a single plan, it is not merely transformed but infinitely heightened. An amount of power is created infinitely greater than any that existed before, so much more far-reaching as almost to be different in kind
    • Hayley Jensen
       
      This statement is completely true and speaks to the importance of the dispersion of power. Centralized power blinds the holders to the needs of whom they have power over and taken power from. No single unit can possess the knowledge what is best for a society. Partly because the needs of the people within that society have variations among themselves and the greater power has no insight to those needs. The socialistic approach denies the people to which the power is held over their right to their personal liberties. Denying a group of people the right to autonomy creates resentment and distaste which steers away from allowing opportunity to peoples' "good life".
    • Sean McCarthy
       
      I agree with Miss Jensen, the socialistic leader might be attempting to 'plan' what's best for society, but often doesn't have an unhindered view of what's actually happening/what's best for the people.
    • Luke Gheta
       
      Hahahah. Churchill loses at everything.
    • jackmcfarland12
       
      Fascinating that in a country of free speech where all most forms of protest and talk can be tolerated people were so against publishing a book that thought differently. Perhaps they were afraid to endorse a dangerous idea like this because they were still so afraid of a "Red Scare" like reaction?
    • chelseaedgerley
       
      yeah I agree. I think people were afraid of controversy. crazy though how this book ends up being a huge hit. like it says some friends worked wonders for the book, and now rather than being controversial it is considered one of the most important books written. 
    • Devin Milligan
       
      This does not make any sense to me. Why should we produce the opposite of what we have been wanting to achieve. I believe that we should work towards our goals in life.
    • Sean McCarthy
       
      Hayek appears to be saying that with the "economic planning" the hope is that everyone will be happier and more production will be realized, but that the opposite is what happens..
    • mgarciag
       
      I dont think that democracy and planning are two clashing ideas.  I think that they can coexist peacefully without the idea that either one can be an obstacle for the other.  
  • planners must create power
    • Sean McCarthy
       
      but appear powerless..
  • It was not the Fascists but the socialists who began to collect children at the tenderest age into political organizations to direct their thinking
  • In the hands of private individuals, what is called economic power can be an instrument of coercion, but it is never control over the whole life of a person. But when economic power is centralized as an instrument of political power it creates a degree of dependence scarcely distinguishable from slavery.
    • Amanda Garcia
       
      I think the argument he is making is a strong and interesting one. I've never quite heard it put like this but I can't say that I disagree with him at all. The former may be nothing but the better of two evils, which is not particularly desired, but the latter in this instance would be an envelopment of something much worse. 
  •  
    This article is a lot to digest because of the socialism analysis. The author suggests that going to a socialistic system would insinuate getting rid of freedom. Essentially socialism is a dictator party for the people that would abolish the monopolies that control the economy. The authors solution to socialism/ fascism is to re-embrace and exercise our constitutional rights.
  •  
    I would agree with the part where he said that private property is our most important guarantee of freedom. By being able to own our own property and do with it as we please and there is really noone that can take it away from us once we own it we have the ultimate right to freedom right there.
Kayla Sawoski

Can we bridge the worlds of theory and policy? | Stephen M. Walt - 1 views

  • And let's not forget that tenure isn't granted to allow a life-time of self-indulgent scholarship, but to allow scholars to take risks in their research and to confront controversial subjects without fear of coercion
    • Lauren Dudley
       
      This is an important fact as some would worry that teachers could get more laid back and not as helpful with job security, but it is nice to know that those who really love teaching still force the fact and that they are allowed to have security while helping with real world issues. I believe that the academic side really needs to force the fact that political science is important as it can help society.
    • madison taylor
       
      Yes, too many people take tenure as a time to relax and take vacation, when they should really use it as an expiramental time to offer a side or solution to controversies without the fear of being unsupported. It would be difficult for anyone to not take advantage of their tenure.
    • Meghann Ellis
       
      Many academic leaders take tenure as a time to adventure and relax because they now feel safe that no one will take their job away. In my opinion this time should be used to further use their experience in education to deeper their knowledge in their specific subject since technically no one can take their job away for no apparent reason
    • elliott reyes
       
      well i didnt know the deffinition of a tenure till now and honestly i do belive some teachers use that to in a way change either there classrooms or even the way they teach they may relax if not just give grades since they know the system so well. but this isnt a bad thing for teachers they know the cant lose there job so why worry i feel they take this time as a way to teach in away that the school will approve but without actually being told what to teach and how to teach.
    • Finn Sukkestad
       
      I think that Mr. Walt has it sort of right, at some point the research that is done in Academia becomes self indulgent of the scientist, they are just feeding their own curiosity rather than actually finding answers to questions held my many people and instead just a few who live their lives in the same area of academics and therefore have the same interests.
    • Caitlin Scott
       
      I agree, but what does it honestly mean anyways.  The percentages for finding something statistically significant in the social sciences are 5% or below.  Political Science is so difficult to understand that they give them that much leverage to be right or wrong. In addition, the variables that they evaluate could have little or nothing to do with the point they are trying to make and in the end no one even really cares.
  • For political scientists, that ought to mean using our knowledge to address important matters of concern in the real world, and to contribute to the broader public discourse on these topics
    • chelseaedgerley
       
      Theres so many hot topics right now. Being a poli sci major I totally feel its my duty to know real world topics and address serious matters. Same thing to teachers like the article said, that's a responsibility we hold. Face issues many dont want to talk about
    • Shannon Wirawan
       
      I feel like people should make 'important matters of concern in the real world' known to them. It should be all people alike's responsibility (not only political science majors) to educate themselves on these matters so they could have a say and to think for themselves. These matters affect our own lives, educated or not. Therefore, it makes sense to at least be educated on some important matters that pertains to our interests or what we think would affect us most.
    • Justina Cooney
       
      I agree with Shannon. Although it is definitely the responsibility of those of us who study politics to be current and educated on all big issues, it is also the responsibility of the general public. I find it so sad that high school students (at least in Oregon) are only required one government and economic class while many other subjects were required every year. It shows where society places priority when in reality every single one of us is affected politics everyday in our lives. I remember when I first started studying political science at UO one of my professors showed a video they had made asking college students around campus who the vice president was or if the could name a single measure on the ballet or who the governor or senators were in Oregon and the majority of them could not answer a single question. Drawing it back to the reading I think it is because we have not done the greatest job of bridging the gap between theory and what is happening so people get so disconnected. It is up to us who study political science to understand the theories but make it interesting and applicable to real world issues.
    • Kayla Sawoski
       
      Political Scientists should address more important matters to inform society. Society needs to be more informed about political matters and things going on in our country. If society is not informed, our country can not function correctly. 
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Even worse, anyone who does engage the real world gets derided for doing "policy analysis" and younger scholars who show an interest in this sort of activity are less likely to be taken seriously and less like to rise within the profession. What sort of incentive structure is that?  
    • Karina DaSilva
       
      Taking this statement hand in hand with how "our fellow citizens have a right to expect us to...use our knowledge to address serious issues", it makes me wonder if this is a sort of cycle. For sure, it seems like it's all influenced by society and norms, but I have to wonder if why it is so "silly" for scholars to get involved with policy analysis when they are basically doing their job?
  • a self-fulfilling world-view
    • georgenasr
       
      I don't get how it is self-fulfilling though... 
  •  
    Great article post! The tenure system is a solution to old problems. It is a system that rewards research over good teaching. Like the article suggests that most of the tenure research is irrelevant to real world problems. The tenure system needs to be abolished for a number of reasons.
1 - 20 of 83 Next › Last »
Showing 20 items per page