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It is most important to properly prepare the surface to be welded because a satisfactory weld can not be made over thick paint, rust or marine growth. The initiation of an arc may be impossible or, at best, very difficult when the surface has not been made ready for welding.

Single-Bed Regeneration

A fillet weld is a triangular weld used to join two surfaces that are at approximately right angles to each other. i.e., lap, tee and corner joints are normally welded with a fillet weld.

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Material Handling Conveyors Type

What is Demineralizers?

STRENGTH OF UNDERWATER FILLET WELDS

Aluminum is used as a deoxidizer and alloying agent in the manufacture of steel. Castings, pistons, torque converter pump housings, aircraft structures, kitchen utensils, railways cars, and transmission lines are made of aluminum.

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Steel forgings may be of carbon or alloy steels. Alloy steel forgings are harder and more brittle than low carbon steels.

Useful Formula Carbon Equivalent :CE = C + Mn/6 + (Cr+Mo-V)/5 + (Ni+CU)/15 % Delta Ferrite : % F = 3[Cr - 0.93 Ni -6.7] Heat input :H(KJ/mm) = ( V x 1 x 60 ) / ( V5 x 1000)

Wrought iron is almost pure iron. It is made from pig iron in a puddling Furnace and has a carbon content of less than 0.08 percent. Carbon and other elements present in pig iron are taken out, leaving almost pure iron.

The basic substance used to make both steel and cast iron (gray and malleable) is iron. It is used in the form of pig iron. Iron is produced form iron ore that occurs chiefly in nature as an oxide, the two most important oxides being hematite and magnetite.

ADDENDUM (a) is the height by which a tooth projects beyond the pitch circle or pitch line. BASE DIAMETER (Db) is the diameter of the base cylinder from which the involute portion of a tooth profile is generated. BACKLASH (B) is the amount by which the width of a tooth space exceeds the thickness of the engaging tooth on the pitch circles. As actually indicated by measuring devices, backlash may be determined variously in the transverse, normal, or axial-planes, and either in the direction of the pitch circles or on the line of action. Such measurements should be corrected to corresponding values on transverse pitch circles for general comparisons.

After the exhaust valve is on its seat (53° ATDC/after top dead centre), the temperature and pressure begin to rise in nearly the same fashion as in the four-stroke engine.

ASME Section X Boiler Pressure and Vessel Code (BPVC) focuses on the requirements surrounding the construction of reinforced plastic pressure vessels.

The two main types of GMAW transfer are: Spray or globular transfer. Short-circuiting or dip transfer. Spray Transfer/Globular Transfer. This type of metal transfer generally occurs at high current and high arc voltage ranges, e.g., 250 - 600 Amps at 28 - 40 volts. As the current is increased the rate at which the droplets are transferred across the arc increases and they become smaller in volume. The droplets can be seen in a high-speed cine film but cannot be seen with the naked eye. It appears as if there is a spray of metal.

this is often referred to as the 'self-adjusting arc'. Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding is a 'flat' arc process (constant) voltage. Also known as Metal Active Gas (MAG); CO2; Metal-arc Gas Shielded, flux core and GMAW (US).

Porosity cause by : Gas flow too low or too high. Leaking gas lines. Draughty conditions. Electrode stick out from nozzle too long. Contaminated/dirty weld prep. Contaminated/dirty wire. Incorrect gas shield. Arc length too long

In DC welding the electrode usually has negative polarity, which reduces the risk of overheating which may otherwise occur with electrode positive. The ionized gas or plasma stream can attain a temperature of several thousand degrees centigrade.

Welding Variables: Amperage : controls fusion and penetration. Voltage : controls arc length. Travel speed :controls depth of penetration. Gas flow rate :protects weld from atmosphere. Electrode extension :affects penetration.