construction

A special dye is applied to the surface of the article to be tested. A suitable time interval allows it to soak into any surface defects. The surface is then freed from surplus dye and the dye in the crack revealed by either

The defect may be in a single run fillet weld requiring only a small amount of metal to be removed or it may be a large crack extending deep into parent metal.

The repair of defects that occur during welding ranges from simple welding operations to improve weld profile to extensive metal removal and subsequent welding to rectify extensive cracking.

Gamma rays, similar to X-rays but of shorter wavelength, are emitted continuously from the isotope. It cannot be 'switched off' so when not in use, it is kept in a heavy storage container that absorbs radiation. They pass through the work to be inspected.

Manual metal arc (MMA) welding, also known as shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), stick, and electric arc welding is a constant current drooping arc process.

Positional welding (other than flat) often relies on arc force and surface tension effect; therefore the welding position may affect the mechanical properties of the weld and the likelihood of defects.

The two main types of GMAW transfer are: Spray or globular transfer. Short-circuiting or dip transfer. Spray Transfer/Globular Transfer. This type of metal transfer generally occurs at high current and high arc voltage ranges, e.g., 250 - 600 Amps at 28 - 40 volts. As the current is increased the rate at which the droplets are transferred across the arc increases and they become smaller in volume. The droplets can be seen in a high-speed cine film but cannot be seen with the naked eye. It appears as if there is a spray of metal.

this is often referred to as the 'self-adjusting arc'. Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding is a 'flat' arc process (constant) voltage. Also known as Metal Active Gas (MAG); CO2; Metal-arc Gas Shielded, flux core and GMAW (US).

Porosity cause by : Gas flow too low or too high. Leaking gas lines. Draughty conditions. Electrode stick out from nozzle too long. Contaminated/dirty weld prep. Contaminated/dirty wire. Incorrect gas shield. Arc length too long

In DC welding the electrode usually has negative polarity, which reduces the risk of overheating which may otherwise occur with electrode positive. The ionized gas or plasma stream can attain a temperature of several thousand degrees centigrade.

Welding Variables: Amperage : controls fusion and penetration. Voltage : controls arc length. Travel speed :controls depth of penetration. Gas flow rate :protects weld from atmosphere. Electrode extension :affects penetration.

Tungsten inert gas welding is a constant current drooping arc process. It is also known as TIG, gas tungsten arc welding - GTAW, wolfram inert gas - WIG, and under the trade names of argon arc and heli arc.

Lack of fusion/penetration cause by : Too large an electrode for weld preparation. Incorrect angle of electrode for weld preparation. Current too low. Travel speed too high etc

Too short an arc length will cause irregular piling of the weld metal. The ripples will be irregular in height and width.

Material Handling Conveyors Type

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