"Recent research has rekindled a focus on assessing literacy skills developed over the long term, such as oral language, vocabulary, and reading comprehension."
"teachers who were most effective at teaching students at risk for failure to
read: (a) used small-group instruction, (b) reported collaborating with colleagues, (c) communicated with parents about students' progress, (d) guided students in applying word identification skills as they read, (e) had a common system for monitoring progress, and (f ) were provided extensive professional development on instructional practices."