Ancient Rome 2009

Sculpture of Julius Caesar

Ides of March:

the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire, today widely known as the Byzantine Empire.

The Western Empire existed intermittently in several periods between the 3rd century and 5th century,

The system of the Tetrarchy quickly ran aground when the Western Empire's Constantius died unexpectedly in 306, and his son Constantine was proclaimed Augustus of the West by the legions in Britain.

Octavian, on the other hand, obtained the Roman provinces of the West: Italia (modern Italy),

Octavian soon took Africa from Lepidus

The Roman Empire was under the rule of a single Emperor, but, with the death of Constantine in 337

Constantius II focused most of his power in the East

Constantine was far more interested in conquering the whole empire.

Through a series of battles in the East and the West, Licinius and Constantine stabilized their respective parts of the Roman Empire by 314

The political situation was unstable. In 383,

The Western Roman Empire was the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285; the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire, today widely known as the Byzantine Empire.

legions,

Pompey and Crassus then extended Caesar's proconsular government in the Gauls for another five years

plebeian

Crassus and Pompey had been colleagues in the consulate in 70 BC, when they had legislated the full restoration of the tribunate of the people

Pompey by giving him his own daughter, Julia, in marriage.

Pompey

Cato

The Triumvirate was kept secret until the Senate obstructed Caesar's proposed agrarian law establishing colonies of Roman citizens and distributing portions of the public lands (ager publicus)

Pompey by giving him his own daughter, Julia , in marriage.

Julia's death during childbirth and Crassus's ignominious defeat

The alliance had allowed the Triumvirs to dominate Roman politics completely, but it would not last indefinitely due to the ambitions, egos, and jealousies of the three; Caesar and Crassus were implicitly hand-in-glove, but Pompey disliked Crassus and grew increasingly envious of Caesar's spectacular successes in the Gallic War, whereby he annexed the whole of the Three Gauls to Rome.

committed suicide. Cleopatra soon followed suit, according to tradition killing herself by means of an asp bite on August 12, 30 BC.[1] She was briefly outlived

Antony committed suicide

Cleopatra, Ptolemy XIV and Caesarion visited Rome in summer 46 BC

Cleopatra's death. He states that she was found dead, her handmaiden, Iras dying at her feet, and another handmaiden, Charmion, adjusting her crown before she herself falls

Caesar's only legitimate daughter, Julia (who died in childbirth with their son).

Caesarion was captured and killed

She originally shared power with her father Ptolemy XII and later with her brothers Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV, whom she also married, but eventually gained sole rule. As pharaoh, she consummated a liaison with Gaius Julius Caesar that solidified her grip on the throne. She later elevated her son with Caesar, Caesarion

by Caesarion, who was declared pharaoh, but he was soon killed on Octavian's orders

she playfully bet him that she could spend ten million sesterces on a dinner

Cleopatra killed herself

So she had to return to Egypt

Cleopatra VII

Antony and Cleopatra, by Lawrence Alma-Tadema In 41   BC, Mark Antony , one of the triumvirs who ruled Rome in the power vacuum following Caesar's death, summoned Cleopatra to meet him in Tarsus to answer questions about her loyalty. Cleopatra arrived in great state, and so charmed Antony that he chose to spend the winter of 41 BC–40 BC with her in Alexandria.

The ancient sources, particularly the Roman ones, are in general agreement that Cleopatra killed herself by inducing an Egyptian cobra to bite her

As pharaoh, she consummated a liaison with Gaius Julius Caesar that solidified her grip on the throne.

Ptolemy XIII

Her legacy survives in numerous works of art and the many dramatizations of her story in literature and other media, including William Shakespeare's tragedy Antony and Cleopatra, Jules Massenet's opera Cléopâtre and the 1963 film Cleopatra. In most depictions, Cleopatra is put forward as a great beauty and her successive conquests of the world's most powerful men is taken to be proof of her aesthetic and sexual appeal. In his Pensées, philosopher Blaise Pascal contends that Cleopatra's classically beautiful profile changed world history: "Cleopatra's nose, had it been shorter, the whole face of the world would have been changed."[6]

Pompey was greeted as a hero in Rome while Crassus received little credit or celebration.

into Gaul

gladiator

The ancient sources agree on Spartacus's origins. Plutarch describes him as "a Thracian of Nomadic stock" and "more Hellenic than Thracian" when refering to his character.

While the slave-to-Roman citizen ratio at that time was very high, a larger problem was that at the time of the uprising Pompey was fighting a revolt led by Quintus Sertorius in Hispania while at the same time the consul Lucullus had committed the rest of Rome's available legions to fighting Mithridates in the Third Mithridatic War.