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The European Technology Platform Nanomedicine (NanoMedicine) is a European Technology Platform initiative to improve the competitive situation of the European Union in the field of nanomedicine, the application of nanotechnology to medicine. The programme is a joint initiative (Public-Private Partnership) of the European Commission, representing the European Communities, and the industry. The main objective of the programma is to produce and implement a Strategic Research Agenda (SRA).

Как во всяком деле, а особенно новом и смелом, тут нужны энтузиасты, и к ним взывал Купревич в статье с характерным названием «Приглашение к бессмертию» (см.: Техника - молодежи. 1965. № 1),

президента академии наук БССР Василия Феофиловича Купревича (1897 - 1969). Именно ему принадлежит фраза «Смерть - явление историческое, она существовала не всегда, а появилась на определенном этапе развития жизни...» Он усомнился в фундаментальной неизбежности смерти, в её изначальной принадлежности жизни.

Смерть ограничивает общекультурное и нравственное развитие личности. Из-за краткости жизни люди не успевают приобщиться к великому наследию культуры настоящего и прошлого всего человечества.

The Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) is a European initiative to improve the competitive situation of the European Union in the field of pharmaceutical research. The IMI is a joint initiative (Public-Private Partnership) of the DG Research of the European Commission, representing the European Communities, and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA).

BudgetOverall: 2 billion EUR

In March 1966, NASA told Congress the "run-out cost" of the Apollo program to put men on the moon would be an estimated $22.718 Billion for the 13-year program which eventually accomplished six successful missions between July 1969 and December 1972. According to Steve Garber, the NASA History website curator, the final cost of project Apollo was between $20 and $25.4 billion in 1969 dollars (or approximately $135 billion in 2005 dollars). The costs associated with the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn rockets amounted to about $83 billion [Apollo spacecraft: $28 billion (Command/Service Module: $17 billion; Lunar Module: $11-billion), Saturn I, Saturn IB, Saturn V launch vehicles: about $46 billion] in 2005 dollars.

In the United States, the most recent data from 2003[1] suggest that about 94 billion dollars were provided for biomedical research in the United States. The National Institutes of Health and pharmaceutical companies collectively contribute 26.4 billion dollars and 27.0 billion dollars, respectively, which constitute 28% and 29% of the total, respectively. Other significant contributors include biotechnology companies (17.9 billion dollars, 19% of total), medical device companies (9.2 billion dollars, 10% of total), other federal sources, and state and local governments. Foundations and charities, led by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, contributed about 3% of the funding.

The National Institute on Aging (NIA) is a division of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), located in Bethesda, Maryland. The NIA leads a broad scientific effort to understand the nature of aging and to extend the healthy, active years of life. In 1974, Congress granted authority to form NIA to provide leadership in aging research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs relevant to aging and older people. Subsequent amendments to this legislation designated the NIA as the primary Federal agency on Alzheimer's disease research.

National Institute on AgingNIAUndertakes research on the biomedical, social, and behavioral aspects of the aging process, prevention of age-related diseases and disabilities, promotion of better quality of life for all older Americans.1974

With origins in the Cold War, the International Space Station represents a union of several space station projects from various nations.

As a multinational project, the legal and financial aspects of the ISS are complex. Issues of concern include the ownership of modules, station utilisation by participating nations, and responsibilities for station resupply. The main legal document establishing obligations and rights between the ISS partners is the Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement (IGA).

The most cited figure of an overall cost estimate for the ISS ranges from 35 billion to 100 billion USD.[73] ESA, the only agency actually stating potential overall costs, estimates €100 billion for the entire station over a period of 30 years.

genomics and biotechnology for health;

The Alliance was founded in 1986 by a bipartisan group of legislators led by Senator Alan Cranston.

A JTI focuses on one specific industrial area, has a well defined objective, addresses a market failure and is funded by a combination of private and public investments.

Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI)

A European Technology Platform (ETP) is a European network bringing together researchers, industry and other relevant stakeholders in a particular technological field in order to foster European research and development in the concerned area.

In a first phase, stakeholders of a specific area, led by industry, come together to agree on a common vision. The second phase is the defining of a Strategic Research Agenda, setting out the medium- to long-term objectives for the technology. In a third phase, stakeholders implement the Strategic Research Agenda with the mobilisation of significant financial and human resources.

В настоящее время существуют десятки, а, возможно, и сотни (кто их точно считал?) разных гипотез старения, которые в  массовой литературе (и не только в ней) необоснованно называют теориями. Более того, даже большинство предложенных гипотез, строго говоря, не соответствуют  этому понятию, так  как  они связывают процесс  старения  только с каким-то одним часто не очень существенным фактором, сопутствующему  старению, и не  учитывают  множество других факторов.

В настоящее время  значительная  часть геронтологов, если не их большинство, определяет старение как возрастное уменьшение жизнеспособности особи, приводящее ее в итоге к состоянию, не совместимому с жизнью. С точки зрения статистики, это соответствует возрастному увеличению вероятности смерти особи после достижения ею периода максимальной жизнеспособности. У человека этот период, по данным таблиц смертности Всемирной Организации Здравоохранения (ВОЗ), для большинства европейских и других развитых государств приходится на возраст 10-14 лет

Однако известны виды животных, у которых смерть наступает практически без периода старости (примеры приведены здесь)  и  которые даже могут жить неопределенно долго без старения своего организма (примеры приведены здесь).

Some international health care programs may be considered public-private partnerships: