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A: That’s true. Or that’s a prediction that I believe will be proven true, I should say. Here’s the explanation. The standard theory on making insurance markets is that you want its competition to be continuous. The way to do that is to see that the risk pool of covered lives is a large, stable and ideally relatively health population. I cannot think of a larger, more stable and relatively healthy population, in proportion to the rest of the exchange population, than the Medicaid expansion population. They are systemically younger than the rest of the population. That’s one of the reasons that they're poorer. Our program design is also going to pull out the highest-risk people from the private option and treat them in the traditional Medicaid program because we would have had to supplement for many of their services. (Editor's note: Federal law requires Medicaid premium assistance to 'wraparound' to make sure recipients get the same amount of coverage through private insurance as they would in Medicaid). That’s very hard to do. It’s both care and administratively burdensome. Those individuals, the highest five to 10 percent costly individuals, would be better served in a single program, and by definition that would have to be the traditional Medicaid program.

Wright and Blackwell said Texas should encourage more physicians to go into primary care in rural areas by expanding the loan repayment program, which offers some debt relief to doctors who do so.

The number of people enrolled in health savings accounts (HSA) has more than tripled in the last six years from 4.5 million people in January 2007 to 15.5 million in January 2013, according to America's Health Insurance Plans, a trade association that represents health insurers.

In the future, Cohen said he expects to see several options used more widely to lower costs, such as rewards for low cholesterol or keeping diabetes under control, incentives to join gyms and benefits for participating in healthy lifestyle programs.

The data also shows that businesses could save money while providing their employees with more choices, he said. Some of those choices, such as closed-network programs or single primary-care physician-based programs, have been avoided in the past because the common wisdom is that people don't like being limited by what doctors they may see.

Then it will be up to the insurers to decide how to manage with less money — so the effects of this cut are hard to predict.

The costs of the 340B program exist of course.  They are initially imposed on insurance companies and pharmaceutical manufacturers.  But, the costs are not confined to just these industries.  The costs created by the 340B program are ultimately integrated into the overall health care system and are manifested through rising insurance premiums, declining insurance coverage, declining innovation and productivity (especially for pharmaceutical drugs), and higher medical costs in unrelated segments of the health care system.  Perhaps more troubling, the added noise created by the 340B cost shifting worsens the overall functionality of the U.S. health care system

For employees, perhaps the most telling red flag from the study is that their employers may be saving money not by making them healthy but rather by shifting healthcare costs onto them. "Our evidence suggests that savings to employers may come from cost shifting, with the most vulnerable employees — those from lower socioeconomic strata with the most health risks — bearing higher costs that in effect subsidize their healthier colleagues," wrote the authors.

Doctors complain, though, that the savings comes from cutting reimbursement rates, which discourages health care providers from accepting Medicaid patients. The Texas Medical Association also expressed disappointment that Gov. Rick Perry rejected proposals to expand the number of people on Medicaid to include the working poor.

But since the poor and uninsured often rely on expensive emergency room care, Lunsford said hospitals will continue to pass on those costs to the public when those patients don’t pay their bills.

The Minuteman plan would streamline billing processes to save on administrative costs and allow providers to work more closely with employers, organizers said. Information about smoking cessation or workers’ weight collected through employer wellness programs is not typically shared with doctors. “Imagine working closely with an employer who can help us gather data and, with employees’ permission, to be able to share that data with their primary care providers,” said Dr. Jeff Lasker, chief executive of the Tufts physician group, New England Quality Care Alliance.

Partners HealthCare last year announced plans to acquire Neighborhood Health Plan, which mostly serves low-income people. Steward Health Care has worked with Fallon Community Health Plan to develop plans offered at reduced prices through a small business cooperative created by the Retailers Association of Massachusetts.

A good chunk of Detroit’s debt problem is a health-costs problem. The Detroit Free Press notes that the city has $5.7 billion in unfunded retiree health-care liabilities, nearly a third of the city’s debt.

. It plans to transition its 19,389 retirees into the health law’s new marketplaces, saving the city somewhere between $27.5 million and $40 million annually.

. One report from the Pew Center for the States looked at 61 cities across the country and found that, taken together, they had $126.2 billion in health benefits promised to retirees. Only 6 percent of that amount – $8 billion – currently has funding.