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2 million civilians in South Sudan died during the Second Sudanese Civil War, which lasted from 1983-2005

that 70% of the Sudanese are Sunni Muslim, 25% Animist and 5% Christian.

Sudan was a joint colony (called a “condominium”) administered by the British Empire and Egypt in partnership.  

“Anyone confined to a place like Kakuma is rendered automatically dependent on some form of hand-out” (2000, p. 23). 

KANERE said, on January 13, 2009 at 7:44 pm It is difficult to provide a comprehensive response to this excellent query. Generally speaking, Kenyans living in other areas of Kenya a) have never heard of Kakuma Camp; b) have heard of it but assume it is located in Sudan; or c) know the camp as the “place for lots of refugees.” Those who are well aware of the situation consider Kakuma to be a difficult place to live, for both refugees and locals. Some Kenyans view refugee camps as a danger to national security. Others view camps as worthy humanitarian endeavors. Interestingly, many NGO and UNHCR staff working in Kakuma Refugee Camp look upon Kakuma as an extreme hardship zone and eagerly await placement to new (urban) job locations. This despite their lavish living conditions as compared to refugees.

he does not know his exact age,

Malual said his older brother shook him awake one day and told him to run.

Malual’s gr

oup was the first to settle in that area

Every 14 days, each boy received 15 kilograms of maize flour, some cooking oil and one cup of beans,

Sharing was what kept us together, pushed us together,

If I didn’t receive my ration one day, my friend would call me when it was time to eat.”

Malual, then a teenager, found a job. Although the large bulk of his salary went toward rent for an apartment he almost never saw, Malual took on extra hours and began to save money

You’re going to go home,’” Malual said. “And they gave me a ticket. I was so happy; I couldn’t believe it.”

‘Is this the wrong family?’”

His brother, who had been the one to tell Malual to run as a child, had remained in the village.

‘When I told you to run, I didn’t mean to run forever

he described America as his second home and said he couldn’t imagine leaving it.

with 1,000 to 3,000 girls.

Adults struggled to become economically independent, working long hours at low-paying jobs and struggling to find time and money to go to school.

Still, the refugees send as much money to Africa as possible to help those who were left behind

“He is like one of our adult children,” he said. “Both of his parents are deceased, and we try to fill in as best we can as his American parents.

“In the beginning his needs were great – health issues, learning to take care of basic needs, learning to drive a car, etc. Now, he has become very independent. We have shared his sadness such as when his mother died in 2003.

Sudan) and a refugee camp in Kenya. However, he is resolute to return to Sudan after getting h

However, he is resolute to return to Sudan after g

an) and a refugee camp in Kenya. However, he is resolute to return to

n) and a re

The MSU study noted that refugee camp experiences had significant positive and negative influences on the refugees’ adjustment in the United States. For instance, having suffered through hardship, they recognized the special opportunity they had coming to the United States to pursue an education and employment, according to Luster. 

"When I was 12, he said he wanted to sleep with me. I could not refuse because I was a slave, I had to do everything he wanted, or he could have killed me."

Drunk and abusive, his slave master often beat him. Once, as punishment, he had chili peppers rubbed into his eyes, causing him to go blind.

Experts say there's really no concrete estimate on the number of slaves in Sudan. They blame the absence of data on a lack of concern in the international community.

CSI rescued Deng and brought him to the United States, where doctors recently operated on his eyes. It's unclear how much of his sight he may regain.

"The offspring of those women who are enslaved when they're raped by their masters or their master's sons will become Muslim. They have no choice," Eibner explained.

The civilian death toll is one of the highest of any war since World War II.

It's hard to distinguish what is reality and what is not.

they had left a life of terror far behind found that it had followed them to America.

Abraham felt he'd reached a dead end

if I go down there, am I going to die?

"And I wanted to tell him in the United States it's different, you need to think this way and that way. And basically on Sept. 11, I was re-educated because it wasn't a surprise to him.

But in terms of making friend, generally, the society has been, I would say, on my side, has been receptive and very hospitable - especially in Tucson, Arizona, where I settled.